Dan Riley

GENERATION ATHEIST

To my mom and dad.

GUIDE

(BY INDIVIDUAL’S RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING)

Christian:

Anglican: IV

Baptist: IX, XIII, XX

Catholic: II, V

Evangelical: VII, VIII

Greek Orthodox: XXIII

Lutheran: X, XXII, XXV

Mormon: I, III

Non-denominational: VI, XVI

Seventh-day Adventist: XXIV

Unitarian Universalist: XVIII

Non-Christian:

Hindu: XXI

Muslim: XV

Jain: XIX

Jewish: XI

None: XIV, XVII

Wiccan: XII

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many, many people have helped to make this book possible. I would first like to thank two women who have helped create this book from its beginning. Andrea Kimbriel: thank you for putting so much time and energy into reading over the many drafts I sent your way throughout the past two years. You have always been a sounding board for this project and have helped me at every step along the way. Your editing and meticulousness have always impressed me. Heather Gaddis: you continuously amaze me with your diligence, competence, and work ethic. You were exposed to the first contents of the book, and I appreciate your coming along on this journey with me.

To Ben and Breck: thanks for using your creative talents to help me build a website I never could have constructed on my own. Nudge HQ has always been a bastion of imagination and luxury. To Kitchell: your acts of generosity and friendship allowed for the initial stages of this book to take place, and your encouragement throughout this process made me believe that I could create this.

I’d like to thank my parents for giving me an education and a platform to discuss ideas openly, for always encouraging me to find both truth and decency in all things. I simply would not have been capable of making something like this book without your incredible dedication to our family. I will forever be grateful for the life you have given me.

To my brothers: thanks for the years of jokes, discussions, articles, videos, and other material related to the subjects of this book. My personal beliefs have been shaped by my relationship with both of you throughout my life. I look forward to more of the same in the years ahead.

To the people in this book: thank you for opening up your hearts and minds to me for this project. Creating this book has been a labor of love; it would not exist without you. I was continuously impressed with your honesty, courage, depth, intelligence, and humanity. I truly believe that your stories will help other young minds who are traveling down a similar path to your own.

Finally, I’d like to thank you. If this book has found its way into your hands, I hope that you will find its stories memorable and compelling.

INTRODUCTION

There is an ancient Chinese proverb that I like: “To know and not to do is not to know.” I, like so many other human beings, am curious by nature. I want to know. I like to ask questions. From the time I was young, the questions that fascinated me most were those of the most importance to human existence: what is the meaning of life? What does it mean to be human? How did we get here? Does a God exist to whom we owe our lives? How, at this time in human history, can there be so many different religions that offer competing and often mutually exclusive claims about these questions?

I have dedicated a large part of my life — obsessively, curiously, passionately — to pondering and researching these questions, both in a formalized academic setting and through independent research. I examined holy books, considered religious arguments, and became familiar with the discoveries and implications of modern science. Over time, I felt like I began to know. The answers I received were hard-won and often difficult to express publicly, for my conclusions, and the beliefs that came with them, put my views at the margins of my society.

For quite a while, like many of the people in this book, I felt ashamed for allowing dangerous ideas to win out in my brain. Part of me wanted to put my beliefs in a dark corner, hoping to wish my reason away, for the word that has become a part of my identity is, at least in my home country of the United States, often associated with distrust, secrecy, selfishness, meaninglessness, and arrogance. I am an atheist.

Atheist. Seeing that word can still make me uncomfortable, as though I’m glancing at something about which I should be afraid. Cultural conditioning is a powerful force. Atheism is a very simple word, though. It is the belief that, in this world that we share, there is no God or Gods. It does not, by definition, imply a particular political persuasion, ideology, or morality. It does imply that this is it — that this is the life we’ve been given, with no afterlife, no heaven, no hell.

For me, once acceptance overcame dissonance, I was faced with a single question: what to do? I decided to spend just under three years working to grow freethought, secular, atheistic college campus groups around the world while working in the outreach department at a non-profit think tank, the Center for Inquiry. Its official mission, a mission with which I still very strongly identify, is “to foster a secular society based on science, reason, freedom of inquiry, and humanist values.” During my time with CFI, I met amazing people and tried to help to build a small but growing movement. After getting to know many students personally, I began to learn about their lives. I found their personal journeys to atheism to be fascinating, emotional, and unique. I decided to create a book that documents their stories, including in it all their struggles and triumphs.

I want this book to put a human face on atheism — more specifically, a young human face. Over the course of many months, I interviewed 25 young atheists — individuals who, according to recent polling data, are part of a growing demographic within the United States and around the world. Most of the people who I interviewed I had met during my time with CFI. I recorded our conversations, had them transcribed, and then organized and crafted each of their life stories. I made edits and additions for grammatical and literary purposes, to allow for cohesion and smooth transitions, while ensuring that the spirit and accuracy of their statements were maintained.

This book asks and seeks to answer the following questions: how and why do young people become atheists in the world today? What books, people, scientific theories, or ideas have influenced their worldview? Do any — or most — young atheists receive backlash from their friends, family, or community? Do Generation Y atheists view their atheism as having a positive or negative influence on their lives? Has atheism influenced their social relationships? Are they confident in their belief that this world and everything within it was created without deistic intention or cosmic oversight? Do they wish they could go back and change the way they think?

Right now, I can walk into any bookstore and have no problem finding books that tell stories of people finding God, Jesus, or some other higher power. One might find, for example, 100 Stories: Finding God in Everyday Life, Finding God: A Treasury of Conversion Stories, Finding God in the Shadows: Stories from the Battlefield of Life, Bumping into God Again: 35 More Stories of Finding Grace in Unexpected Places, Our Lives As Torah: Finding God in Our Stories, Finding God in the Graffiti: Empowering Teenagers Through Stories, or, last, but certainly not least, Stories of the Supernatural: Finding God in Walmart and Other Unlikely Places. To date, I have yet to find one book that documents the personal journeys of people who have come to view life from the opposite perspective.

I hope this book can be educational for non-atheists in understanding who atheists are, where they come from, and what they want out of life. They may find that, in many ways, atheists are just like them. While I do not expect all who read this book to become atheists, I feel that if people better understood the perspective of atheists, it is likely that atheists’ standing in society would improve and that identifying as such could, for many, be understood as an intellectual, moral, social, or even spiritual victory for those who self-apply the label.

Most of the people documented here — from different religious backgrounds, races, sexual orientations, and genders — were quite religious at one point in their lives. Many recognize some positive aspects that religions can and do, in certain contexts, bring to the world. Many disagree about the best way to engage religious leaders and institutions. Most have been hugely influenced by online resources and a recent wave of atheistic books. Some did not want to be identified in this book for fear of professional or social backlash. Most view education, often specifically science education, as having been influential in their road to atheism. Most feel that religion has a privileged position in society and government. Many have gone through very emotional journeys in coming to a sustained, open atheistic worldview. All believe that we live in a world with no supernatural observance, that we’re on our own, and that we can and should work together as humans to create a more educated, more prosperous world. Through the internet, humanity is engaged in a global conversation unlike any before in history — about who we are, why we are here, and how we should live — and the subjects of this book have an important perspective to share. These are their stories.

I.

______________

Jon Adams: Unworthy Mormonism

“Dear Warden,

You were right.

Salvation lay within.”

— Andy Dufresne, The Shawshank Redemption

Stereotypical Mormons are known for their impeccable manners and devotion to traditional Church values. Jon Adams possesses much of the former and very little of the latter. His dedication to principle is matched by his commitment to fairness and truth. After having his faith seemingly secured by religious experiences throughout his teenage years, his demand for evidence began his interest in science and a path toward secularism. He has an impressive knowledge of Mormon history — the timeline of Joseph Smith’s life, the Church’s long-held view that blacks were spiritually inferior to whites, the belief in the war for heaven. His criticisms of his religion are much-contemplated and factually-based.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints doesn’t generally produce bisexual Democrats. His evolution into an atheist, as he explains, was a liberating experience, allowing him to forgo years of cognitive dissonance. The pain he feels for his worldview shift is not for himself, but for his parents, who have been told by their church community that his atheism is a result of failed parental guidance. While he condemns the ignorance aimed at his family, he wouldn’t want his perspective to change: he finds his atheism to be enriching and empowering.

My mother was born in Utah, so she’s always been a member of the LDS Church. I think precisely because of that, she’s taken her faith somewhat for granted. She’s not very well-versed in Mormonism. I’m often correcting her about what her religion teaches and informing her of the practices of the Church. I think that’s just something that comes with being a part of this culture. Mormonism in Utah is less a system of beliefs and more a way of life. My dad, however, is a convert. He was raised in Germany, and in the late 70s, a couple of LDS missionaries spoke to him about the Church. He ended up converting.

His parents were against it. Consequently, there were some family issues, and at the age of 18, he moved to Utah to be with other Mormons. Probably because of this, his faith is more devout and more sincere than my mother’s. Even he’s not the most conservative Mormon though: he’s often skipping church to watch a football game. Overall, I don’t come from an incredibly conservative or devout Mormon family.

For me, I was most devout in my Mormon faith in middle school and high school. I was really fervent. I would drag my family to church on Sunday morning. I would teach what’s called family home evening lessons in Mormonism where, on Monday night, Mormon families get together and give lessons about the Church. They do faith-promoting activities and play games together.

I can trace one of the reasons why I believed in the Mormon faith back to one experience I had when I was having a particularly hard day. It was Thanksgiving, and I felt really ungrateful. I had had a family fight that day, and I was feeling lousy. I got on my knees, and I prayed the most sincerely I had ever prayed. I did what Joseph Smith did, which was pray aloud. According to Mormon teachings, when Joseph Smith first prayed aloud in the Sacred Grove at the age of 14, which is how old I was at this time, God the Father and Christ the Son appeared to him. That’s called the First Vision in Mormonism. In this moment of prayer, I asked God for forgiveness for my being ungrateful. I had a very powerful spiritual confirmation wash over me. I felt comforted by some other being. Being raised in a Mormon culture and a Mormon family, I interpreted this experience through the lens of my faith. It strengthened my testimony for years to come.

As I grew older, though, I began to be skeptical. My moments of doubt often coincided with my periods of greatest religiosity. I’d oscillate between the brink of agnosticism and complete faithfulness. If I had some spiritual experience — for example, an emotional moment brought on by praying to God about certain doubts and concerns — I’d be even more devout. It often felt as though I had two different worldviews existing simultaneously.

The most formative spiritual experience that I ever had occurred when I was in high school. I was either 16 or 17. There is a guest bedroom in the basement of my house, and I would often go down there. I liked the seclusion of the basement, and there I would spend a lot of time praying, studying the Scriptures, and listening to Christian music. Every night before I went to bed, I would pray out loud for 20-25 minutes. One night I was lying in bed, and I was about to go to sleep. As I was falling asleep, I felt my body become paralyzed. At the same time a dark, ominous spirit came over me. I felt as though the devil or some demon was in the room hovering above me. I had this incredible sensation of my soul leaving my body. I became combative with this spirit, this demon. I said, “In the name of Christ, be gone!” Then, the spirit left the room. That experience happened on three different occasions. I took each of them to be very strong affirmations of my faith.

These experiences were particularly important for me as a Mormon because there were many shades of Joseph Smith in them. Joseph Smith, in his First Vision, the founding event of Mormonism, reported feeling paralyzed. The powers of doubt surrounded him, and he felt like he was on the brink of destruction. Then, God, at the last second before he was destroyed, would come in and intervene. My experience was incredibly similar to his.

Around that time, I was studying UFOs, and it struck me that there were striking parallels between my spiritual experience, Joseph Smith’s religious experience, and UFO abductions, alien abductions, where people claim to have that same sensation of paralysis while they’re lying in bed. They often report some kind of alien or some kind of dark prominent figure being in their bedroom with them. I did some research and found that these are fairly common psychological experiences. People have out-of-body experiences because the frontal lobes of their brains are less active when they are about to go to sleep. Something clicked in my head, and I knew that I had lost an anchor of my faith.

In high school, I was very involved in the debate team. Debate instilled in me the idea that evidence for one’s beliefs is important. I had to compete against people in debate, and I found that if my beliefs and arguments weren’t warranted by evidence, then they would fail in competition. I thought that I ought to turn that same spirit of inquiry toward my religious beliefs. I did so in the hopes of affirming my faith. I was incredibly self-righteous, and I was hoping that I could use the tools of reason and logic in the service of my Mormonism.

At first, I didn’t actively search out anti-Mormon sources. I read a book written in the late 1950s called Mormon Doctrine. It’s by Apostle Bruce McConkie. Most of the book was faith-affirming. I was trying to learn more about my faith and its precepts. Then, I found a chapter entitled “Negros.” It said that the Negro is inferior to the white race in the area of spiritual blessings. To give some background, in the book of Genesis, Cain is cursed by God for killing Abel and his curse of blood is called the mark of Cain. Historically, Mormons have interpreted that mark, the mark of Cain, to be dark skin. In the early Church, that assessment seemed rather fair to a lot of people. As I discovered through Mormon Doctrine, the early Church taught that blacks were born into Cain’s cursed lineage because of the preexistence, the life that predates mortal existence.

In the preexistence, there was a war in heaven. Mormonism teaches, controversially to many religious people, that Jesus and Satan are brothers. In the war, in the preexistence, Jesus and Satan vie for power, and they propose two differing plans for salvation and present them before God. Jesus’s plan was to give people free will and let them inherit bodies. Satan’s plan was to take people to Earth, give them bodies but not endow them with free will in order to ensure that they all come back to God. It was decided that everyone, all the spirits of heaven, would be granted the ability to choose which plan they wanted, Satan’s plan or Jesus’s plan. Those who chose Satan’s plan were cast into hell immediately: that was one-third of all spirits. The other two-thirds wound up here on Earth; those people voted for Jesus’s plan. The way that the Church explained why blacks were born into Cain’s cursed lineage is that while the blacks in the preexistence supported Jesus’s plan, they were “less valiant” in their support. So whites, who became Mormons like myself and my family, were on the forefront in the war in heaven. We were campaigning for Jesus’s plan vigorously, whereas the blacks were lazy. This played into the common racial stereotype of blacks possessing that characteristic. That’s how the Mormon Church historically explained how blacks are burdened with, according to Mormonism, their unattractive skin color.

I had been hoping to learn more about my faith in order to sincerely strengthen it. I’m not sure if reading that passage in that book convinced me that Church was false, but it made me not want to believe the Church, regardless of whether or not Mormonism was actually true. I couldn’t worship a God who was the author of such racism.

To be honest, I’m a bit racist. It’s not malicious racism, but being born and raised in a state like Utah, where roughly 94% of the population is Caucasian, I just didn’t grow up interacting with other races. Historically, I have been naturally uncomfortable around people of different ethnic backgrounds. That’s just a fact that I wish weren’t true. The reason Mormon Doctrine shook my faith was not because I was some huge civil rights advocate or had all these black friends. I understand that my racism is wrong. I understand that my prejudices are human and the result of my ignorance and my follies. God has no excuse. The Mormon Church’s historical racism doesn’t bother a lot of people. I know a lot of Mormons who say, “The Church leaders were just the products of their time,” but that answer has never really flown with me. I demand more of men of God, and I demand more of God himself.

I remember highlighting those verses in Mormon Doctrine. I would take them to my parents. I’d take them everywhere where my friends were hanging out. I’d strike up conversation about them. At first, I did this as an exercise in trying to help people come up with apologetic responses. Eventually, though, I lashed out at my friends and asked them, “How can you believe this?” I never received a sufficient answer.

In addition to learning the Church history, my bisexuality also contributed to my apostasy. The fact that I am bisexual didn’t really undermine my faith per se. It made the Mormon experience for me somewhat more painful, but it didn’t necessarily make the Church any less true.

The homophobia in Utah is internalized homophobia, and I think that’s what brings many gay people to suicide. People are not overtly mean; they are not actively discriminating. There’s just a common notion that there’s something wrong with you if you’re gay. That’s powerful enough. Gay Mormons are taught homophobia by their religious leaders, the authorities they trust the most. They’re taught that it is within their power to change their nature.

Over the course of two or three years when I was a teenager, I would routinely meet with my bishop and discuss homosexuality. He would tell me, “The answer is prayer, Jon. The answer is prayer. You have to humble yourself before the Lord and ask Him for help. You will overcome it.” That just didn’t happen for me.

Mormons are taught that homosexuality is not an orientation but rather an occasional feeling that would challenge otherwise normal heterosexuality. That’s still how I often mistakenly identify, as a straight man who just happens to like guys. The last Mormon prophet, Gordon B. Hinkley, always talked about the so-called homosexual movement or the so-called gays in our Church. A homosexual man is treated as a straight guy who has unresolved problems. As a result of being raised in this environment, I’m rather immature when it comes to the issue. I’m underdeveloped where sexual matters are concerned, I think in large part because my sexual growth was stunted by my wrestling with my homosexuality, my bisexuality, in Mormonism. Struggling with who I am for so many years was exhausting, emotionally and spiritually.

There’s a common belief in Mormonism that, and I think this may hold true for Christian religions in general, masturbation leads to homosexuality. Once, when I was still an incredibly faithful Mormon, I approached my bishop out of complete sincerity, and I confessed to him that I had been masturbating and viewing pornography. He told me that one of the reasons that I needed to stop is because I would develop homosexual tendencies. That was already the case, but I was in such utter denial that I never would have thought of myself as bisexual. The cognitive dissonance I needed was such that I would be watching gay porn and not have that faze me as to my real sexual orientation. In fact, there was never any coming out moment to my family because I was pretty sloppy with hiding my porn trails on the computer. My parents were waiting for me to figure it out. It wasn’t until my sophomore or junior year of high school that it dawned on me that I might be gay.

The forefront of my apostasy is my politics. Before I identified as gay or ex-Mormon, I identified as a very ardent Democrat. I was an unabashedly liberal Mormon, so I was already an outsider in that regard. I always found that my liberalism was buoyed by my faith. I hoped that Christ’s message, like his Sermon on the Mount and his concern for the poor, would prevail in the Church. In fact, Joseph Smith was a fairly forward-thinking character for his time. Looking back, one can view him as a conservative and a racist, but for his time, he was quite progressive. In 1844, when Joseph Smith ran for President, he ran on a platform of abolition. In fact, that’s why the Mormons were driven out of Missouri: it was suspected that Mormons were abolitionists who wanted to free slaves and convert them. He also wanted to release all criminals from jail because he believed the penal system was corrupt. I found that there were a lot of liberal traditions within Mormonism that I could co-opt as a Democrat.

For many years I was able to reconcile my Democratic politics with my faith, but that became increasingly difficult over time. In 2004, my junior year of high school, the LDS Church came out with an official statement in which the Church supported the constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. My seminary teacher read aloud that statement. This really concerned me. Primarily, I was offended as a liberal. The Church became increasingly strident against homosexuality. Political statements that the Church made hurt me deeply.

Additionally, I was also quite concerned about the war in Iraq. I’m a military brat. My dad’s a military man, so I’ve always taken particular interest in foreign policy matters. I was vehemently against the war. I thought it was a travesty, always have. The Church never explicitly or officially endorsed the war, but its silence on the matter was deafening. The Church claims to be non-political in the sense that it won’t take political stances, it will only take moral stances. I thought, “If war isn’t a moral issue, then I don’t know what is.” I was upset that the Church broke its political neutrality to condemn gay marriage but not, from my view, an illegal, unjust war.

Finally, I decided to leave Mormonism. When I left, I had a brief flirtation with other religions. On any given Sunday, I would drive to a different church. I went to several non-denominational services, and I went to a Catholic mass. I was looking into other religions because when I initially left Mormonism, there was something that left me. My life revolved around the Mormon community and its culture and its beliefs. After I left the faith, I thought, “I’ve got to find something because I have nothing otherwise.” But, after coming out of a faith tradition like Mormonism, I found that other religions paled in comparison, that they were small and quaint, just unsatisfying. Because they weren’t all-consuming, they didn’t seem to fill the void that I felt after leaving the Church.

I considered myself an agnostic for a period of time. I think that just stemmed from a misunderstanding of what atheism is. I thought atheism had to involve the absolute denial of the possibility of any supernatural being, when it really needn’t. I realized that atheism and agnosticism are not actually mutually exclusive. That’s when I began to call myself an atheist. It was liberating because my entire experience with Mormonism was one of staving off cognitive dissonance. It was liberating because I began to be able to accept myself for who I really am. In that sense, atheism was a godsend. Politically, it was also liberating for me because while I was never ashamed of my liberal politics in the Church, I no longer had to reconcile them. I’ve always prided myself in being someone who could go against the grain and be comfortable as the black sheep. Losing the Mormon community was hard for me because I lost a number of friends, but I’ve always been willing to make those kinds of sacrifices for my beliefs.

Not everything about leaving my religion was easy, though. My parents cried, and there were a lot of tears. I would like to think that they were concerned because in Mormonism, if you have a family member who falls away from the straight and narrow, then that jeopardizes the family’s ability to live with that person in the next life. Mormons put a lot of stock into that idea that families are forever, that you go to the celestial kingdom in heaven as a family, which is somewhat different from some Christian religions. With traditional Christianity, marriage isn’t necessarily deemed to be eternal. Marriage is often seen as for this world only. Mormons extend such concepts to the next life; they’re very sacred. Initially, I thought, “My parents must be crying because they’re concerned that they’re not going to see me in the next life.” But I think I’ve come to find — and I don’t mean this to reflect poorly on my parents — that my parents were concerned about how my leaving would reflect upon their parenting.

Their concerns, as I learned, were justified. In the LDS community, Mormons are taught that if a family is worthy and if a family has good parents, they’ll rear a good, healthy Mormon family. The family will remain faithful all their lives; if they don’t, it will have been because the parents messed up somewhere along the line. The majority of the pain that I felt leaving the Church wasn’t for myself. I’m a fairly independent creature. I was able to deal with whatever little persecution came my way. I was offended and hurt on behalf of my family because I could tell my family was hurting. They got looks at church once the congregation heard the news that I had left the faith. My bishop explicitly told my parents in a private meeting that the reason that I left the Church and the reason that I’m bisexual is because my family hadn’t hosted family home evenings when I was a little kid. I think the main source of their pain and, by extension, my pain, was the fact that they blamed themselves for my leaving Mormonism. They aren’t angry that I left. I think they’re just sad because they feel like bad parents.

There have been other tough times as well. A few years ago, at Christmas, I was home, and I’d gone on the computer and downloaded the movie Religulous. I was watching it on the computer, and my mother walked by and caught onto what I was viewing. We got into a big fight, and she said, “How dare you disrespect me by watching this film on the night before Christmas, Jesus’s birthday!” I have come to find that her issue wasn’t really with my watching Religulous on Christmas Eve, but rather that sometimes she doesn’t enjoy having me around the house because my presence reminds her that she’s a failed parent, that she didn’t do her job. That really hurt me. It hurt because I don’t consider myself a failure of a son by any measure. If I’m bitter about one thing about Mormonism, it’s what my leaving the religion has done to my mom and dad, not to me. I can’t quite get over what it’s done to them and how it’s made them feel. That said, for the most part, I still get along quite well with my family. Given their upbringing and beliefs, I really couldn’t ask for more tolerant or understanding parents.

The basis of a lot of Mormons’ beliefs and the faith of a lot of religious people is they’re convinced that without their religious notions, without their philosophies, that they’re just dirt, that they lack importance. Religion often preys on self-confidence. People are told by their religious leaders that they can’t live without God. The extent to which people need religion has been manufactured from childhood; kids are often told that without God, they’re nothing.

In reality, people don’t need God. Atheism, in this sense, can’t help but be liberating. It can be life-affirming in ways that religion never can be. Religions often devalue this life as a trial to be endured in order to receive another, better life. Atheism does not do this; it places emphasis on this life.

Most people are taught misguided — and often religiously-driven — ideas about positive human characteristics. There is, for example, really no mystery about morality. It is innate in us, not because God inscribed it upon our hearts, but because we humans are, by our nature, social creatures. We either get along or we die. Atheists are no less moral than any other group. In fact, atheists are underrepresented in America’s prison population. The most atheistic countries, like Sweden and Denmark, enjoy exceptionally low crime rates and boast high levels of social equality. A recent study even named Denmark “the happiest place on Earth.” So people can — and millions do — lead moral, meaningful lives as atheists.

I think atheists need to be evangelical about their atheism. I am not looking to tear something down. I don’t want to rob people of the happiness and comfort that they derive from religion. Rather, I want them to know that they can find meaning in their lives by turning inward and making that meaning for themselves, as opposed to believing that they have to follow the dictates of some kind of celestial overlord to micromanage their life. People need to harness the power that is within them. This idea is so empowering and so exciting. When I was Mormon, for example, I was very liberal, and I was a Democrat, but I wasn’t the most active Democrat. I wouldn’t go out and protest. I wouldn’t write letters to the editor. But I’ve done that more now that I’m an atheist. I think that there’s something about atheism that makes activism possible.

It’s odd that people think that without another life, this one would be would be worthless. We measure value by its finitude, like money. I don’t see why that same principle doesn’t apply to life. Life is important because there is so little of it. It should be cherished in a way that I really don’t think it is in Mormonism or other religions. While there may be no cosmic meaning to life without God, there is certainly meaning in life. My friends, my family, and my future all imbue my life with meaning. For me, atheism has been really beautiful.

II.

______________

Jessica Ahlquist: Courage in Cranston

“And then my heart was filled with gratitude, with thankfulness, and went out in love to all the heroes, the thinkers who gave their lives for the liberty of hand and brain —

For the freedom of labor and thought —

To those who fell on the fierce fields of war —

To those who died in dungeons bound in chains —

To those who proudly mounted scaffold’s stairs —

To those whose bones were crushed, whose flesh was scarred and torn —

To those by fire consumed —

To all the wise, the good, the brave of every land, whose thoughts and deeds have given freedom to the sons of men.

And then I vowed to grasp the torch that they had held, and hold it high, that light might conquer darkness still.”

— Robert Ingersoll

Jessica Ahlquist has always been a sensitive person. She cried in class when learning about slavery in the antebellum South. She cried in class when she learned about how the Third Reich massacred Jews. One might think that with what she’s experienced in the past two years, a river of tears would now stretch from Cranston to Providence. But that’s not the case; she says she feels more confident than ever.

An atheist since age 10, she is currently a student at the public secondary school Cranston High School West in Cranston, Rhode Island. She came across a prayer banner in the auditorium of her school her freshman year. She learned that the prayer, addressed to a God in heaven, was already an issue: the ACLU had been contacted by a parent within the school system, and a subcommittee had been formed to decide what to do about it. At its final meeting, the subcommittee, which included the school’s superintendent, voted 4-3 to keep the prayer.

Despite threats and harassment, Jessica partnered with the ACLU and filed a lawsuit against the school. She found support online during her activism. According to her, her involvement in the secular movement showed that “there are so many people who care — and that’s the best part of all of it.”

I’m the oldest of four children. I have a sister and two younger brothers. My father has been an atheist since he was a teenager. He didn’t raise my family and me that way, though. I was always allowed to do my own thing and believe what I wanted to believe. My family identified as Catholics, but I don’t think we were traditional. I would go to mass for members of my family that had passed away, but that’s about it. My mom has taken part in a religious group called Science Of Mind; they believe that they can control or manipulate the universe through their own minds and that the act of thinking positively will automatically have a positive impact on things that happen in life.

When I was young, I believed in God, mostly because I believed everything that I was taught. I thought that there was a God up in the sky looking at all of us, taking care of us, and watching over us. As I got older, I started to question things. I was becoming more interested in big questions, becoming less of a kid. My dad’s brothers are atheists, and a lot of my dad’s side of the family is secular, so I heard them talking about religious issues. It sparked a curiosity that caused a chain reaction. I started doing more research and asking my dad questions. Eventually I just decided I didn’t believe any of it.

A turn of events in my life challenged my distancing from faith. When I was 10, my family moved out to a rural section of Rhode Island, and we lived there for only a year. While we were there, my mom became mentally ill and very depressed. She developed symptoms of psychosis. She stopped eating altogether, lost a lot of weight, and was very unhealthy. It was scary; I was worried about her and my whole family. I remember feeling hopeless. With nowhere else to turn, I decided to pray. When nothing happened for an entire year, I felt lied to, betrayed. I realized, finally, that God isn’t helping us because God doesn’t exist.

I have always gotten very upset by things that I see as unfair, and because of that, I’ve always been very sensitive. In fifth grade, for example, my class and I were learning about the history of slavery in America. I was in the back of the room crying. Other kids in my class were teasing me about it because they thought I was kind of silly for crying, but I couldn’t help being emotional about it. Then again in eighth grade, I learned about the Holocaust, and I had the same reaction. At one point, during my own independent research, I learned about Hitler being a Catholic and wanting to become a priest. I wasn’t taught that in school. In my youth I had always been taught to view religious people as the good charity-doers. I hadn’t been exposed to a darker side of it. The Holocaust involved religion. I think that made me start to realize that being religious doesn’t necessarily lead to virtuous behavior.

I grew up in a very religious, Catholic area, and I was aware that if I “came out” as an atheist I would probably be ostracized by a lot of my peers. For a long time, I really didn’t tell anyone. I lied to people, and I told them that I was Christian. I was kind of a dork, and I didn’t want to lose the few friends that I did have.

In my middle school years, I met my friend Taylor. When I first met her, she was very religious, very Catholic. Once, I was at her house, and we were having a sleepover. I was a full-blown atheist at that point, but I hadn’t told her that. Instead of painting nails or doing makeup, I grabbed her computer and went online. I brought up this website GodIsImaginary.com. I started to show it to her. When we were looking at it together, she was very curious, and I was glad to see that she was. A month after that, she declared herself an atheist. My other friend, Alex, who I met between seventh and eighth grade, was, at first, kind of religious. We started talking more about religion, and over time, she also realized that she was an atheist. That was pretty awesome for me. It made me feel a little bit safer. Those are my two best friends, and I’ve been very lucky to have them.

I am also incredibly lucky to have been born at this period in time with the internet, being a kid, growing up, and questioning things. It has allowed me to find many influential resources. For most of my life, I didn’t know that other atheists existed. I thought that my family and I were the only ones out there.

The rest of my story begins at the very end of my freshmen year of high school. My friend Taylor was in the auditorium of our school and saw a school prayer banner. She told me about it, and I ran down to take a look. I was in shock; I never knew it was there. The banner asks God to help the school and allow all of us to do well and get along with one another. It ends with the word “amen.” It’s a positive message, but it’s asking God to let us do things rather than asking us to do them ourselves. I was intimidated by it.

I immediately asked my dad if it was legal; he said that he didn’t think so. When I got home from school, I started talking about it more. I imagined that such religious displays might happen in the South or years ago, but not in my school, not today. I remember doing some research online to see if other cases like this had happened in the past because I wanted to know what to do. I wanted to say something. I wanted to go to the administration. But I was also quite scared because most people in my community assume that people are religious unless they say otherwise. I was still considering my options when school let out. I was curious about it all summer. In July, I found out that there was a parent who had sent a complaint to the ACLU about the prayer. The ACLU had asked the school to remove it, and the school, in response, put together a subcommittee to decide what to do.

The first meeting I attended was in November of 2010. I was under the impression that I was going to go and that the meeting was really just a formality, which they had to have because of technicalities. I assumed that the subcommittee would realize that the banner was illegal and take it down. I thought that I was just going as an observer. I was planning to speak if I felt the need to, but I didn’t really want to. I’ve always been incredibly shy.

At the meeting, my jaw dropped. Most of the people there wanted the prayer to stay. They were saying, “We need to have God.” Some people were saying, “It’s not even a prayer.” Other people were saying, “It includes all monotheistic religions.” Other people were saying, “It’s historic.” I was stunned. I thought the grownups would know that it was illegal and know what to do. I spoke that night. When I did, I stood up, and for the first time in my life, I publicly said that I was an atheist. I hadn’t previously told most of my classmates; none of my teachers knew. I said, “As an atheist student, this prayer is discriminating against me.“ Someone gasped. Other people started whispering. At one point during the meeting, I stood to speak again, and when I sat down, the former nominee for the Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island, Kara Russo, called me a witch under her breath. At the end of the meeting, the subcommittee agreed that they needed to have another meeting because they hadn’t come to a solution. After the meeting, I was on the news. I remember getting in the car afterward and feeling really overwhelmed because it went completely differently than I had expected.

After being on the news, in school it was a little weird, but at that point it didn’t seem like it would be a big deal. A lot of people still didn’t even know about the prayer controversy. I had created a Facebook group in support of removing the prayer. After I was on television, there were 150 people in the group. Most people joined and said, “I’m an atheist, thank you for doing this.” It was very encouraging because I really hated the meeting. I didn’t want to go back to another one, but I planned to do so. I felt sick every time I thought about it.

The next meeting was in February 2011. That meeting was much bigger. We had to use a different room than was originally reserved because there were so many people, and the original room couldn’t accommodate everyone. The overwhelming majority of people there were in favor of keeping the prayer. They showed up led by former candidate for mayor of Providence, Chris Young, and his fiancée, Kara Russo. They are two of the most passionate Catholics I have ever known. At the first meeting Kara had repeatedly said that people needed God in their life, that they didn’t want to be on the wrong side. They made me realize that people really are trying to put religion into our government; people really are trying to infiltrate our secularity. To me, that’s scary, because as an atheist, I fear for how they would change the country.

There was a massive amount of prayer support. All the prayer banner supporters showed up with paper and string signs around their necks that read “Keep Original Banner.” They were really angry. They didn’t like atheists; they started yelling about the “atheist’s agenda.” They were criticizing atheists and saying that I was a puppet. I felt belittled and scared. I expected them to act a bit more civilly, especially toward a 15-year-old. I wanted to leave, go home, and cry for awhile.

At one point during the meeting, people were saying that if I had a problem with God, I should go to a different school, which was really frustrating for me because Cranston High School West is a public school. If people want God in school, then they should go to a private school; no atheist really cares about that. No one wants to take that right away. I was trying to say that what was happening with the prayer banner is illegal. I wasn’t trying to speak out as an atheist per se, but they kind of turned it into a religious war.

At the end of that meeting, the subcommittee decided to have yet another meeting. The next meeting was in March and was even bigger than the last one had been. We had maybe 10 people in support of removing the prayer, with over 100 people there who wanted to keep the prayer in my school. It was very difficult for me to speak in front of those people. When the prayer supporters got up to speak, they wouldn’t just argue about keeping the prayer. They would say things about atheists, how bad they are, how atheists have an agenda, and that we’re socialists. At one point one woman went up to speak, and she told everyone to take out a dollar bill. She took out a dollar bill and said, “Hold it to your head. I want everyone in this room who doesn’t believe in God to rip it in half.” When none of us did, she said that was proof that the prayer should stay, emphasizing that In God We Trust is on the money. I still don’t really understand what her point was.

At the fourth meeting, the vote was held. The result was a vote of four to three in favor of keeping the prayer and fighting the ACLU. I remember at the first meeting the superintendent had said, “If you want to pray, maybe you should go to church. I’m a Catholic. I go to church every Sunday, and I see a lot of empty pews around me.” I was on board with that. I thought that was pretty cool. No one’s trying to take away religion; we’re just trying to separate religion from public schools. He seemed to be on the side of taking it down, but when it was his turn to vote he said, “I think that the prayer should stay; we need it there” and voted to keep it in the school. It seemed like the majority was scaring him and making him think that he wouldn’t get reelected if he didn’t vote to allow the banner to remain. That was a common theme with others on the subcommittee. They had started off rather neutral.

The ACLU then asked me to follow through with a lawsuit. They said, “If you would like to become a plaintiff in the case, we will represent you.” When I got that e-mail, I knew that I was going to say yes. It was important to me. It didn’t really matter that I would probably be facing a lot of hate for it. I wanted to do it because it seemed to me like the right thing to do. I’m not 18, so I needed a parent to give me permission. My dad said that it was entirely up to me, that this was a big decision, and that I could do it if I wanted to, but there shouldn’t be any pressure on me. After I said yes, I started to feel like it would be my fault if the school lost a lot of money defending the lawsuit. In the end, I decided to go through with it because I felt as though it was the school’s fault. They decided to keep the prayer. They could have taken it down, and they wouldn’t have had to deal with the lawsuit. It has taken a lot of time, a lot of energy, but it has definitely been worth it.

There’s one story that I must share. My school has a week every year called “Diversity Week,” and during this week, there are assemblies run by students who manage the whole thing. During the time of the prayer banner controversy, the mayor came. He’s Chinese-American. He gave a talk about minorities and how they’re often discriminated against. He talked about how even though he is a minority, he has been able to be successful. It was a nice little talk. At the end, there was a question and answer session. One student got the mic and asked, “Mayor Fung, how do you feel about the prayer in our school?” When I heard the question, I was a little bit nervous and surprised that the question had even been asked. He pointed to the prayer banner and said, “I want to see the prayer stay exactly where it is!” He was very dramatic and passionate as he pointed to it. Everyone in the auditorium jumped up and started cheering and clapping and moving and screaming. I wanted to run out of the room and cry because it seemed like I was the only person sitting down who didn’t like what he had said. People started looking at me, and I felt like such a freak. It was awful. The mayor didn’t seem to care that I was quite possibly in the room; he didn’t seem to have any concern for how I felt. It was also hurtful that none of the teachers came over to see if I was okay. Everyone seemed so happy that the mayor was on their side. I also found it very ironic that he was there talking about the discrimination of minorities, while saying that he thinks that the discriminatory prayer banner should stay in the school, hurting the feelings of atheists and other non-Christians who felt like they didn’t belong. I think the incident actually ended up making me a bit stronger, a bit tougher.

There were other difficult occurrences that related to the prayer banner, too. On Facebook, students from my school began adding me as their friend just so that they could harass me. At one point, I posted a video about how our nation’s history is secular and how elements of today’s government discriminate against atheists and other people who don’t believe in a traditional Christian God. One kid started freaking out; he posted a bunch of material, including an Edward Currant video. Edward Currant satirically portrays a Christian. I asked, “Do you realize that Edward Currant is sarcastic? He’s actually an atheist.” That sparked an enormous argument of 200 or 300 comments in which this person and a bunch of his friends were calling me the worst names I’ve ever been called in my life. They were saying that no one wants me in the school and that I should just leave. He said that if I knew what his opinion of me was, I would kill myself. The next day the same kid said that other people who hadn’t commented but had viewed the whole thread had told him that he had done a great job.

Overall, this whole ordeal has changed me. Before this, I never would have considered myself an activist, someone who would speak up about these subjects. I have always been terrified of public speaking: I almost puked when I had to give a presentation to 20 members of my third grade class about the state of Georgia. This, obviously, has been a bit more intense.

There’s a huge difference in who I was a couple years ago and who I am now. I feel better. I feel like I have a lot more real friends. I feel much more comfortable speaking out and being open about my atheism. I think it’s paying off. I remember feeling entirely hopeless and alone after the first meeting. I found out that there’s a whole community of atheists and that there’s a movement. The people who rallied behind me have been amazing. The fact that I knew that I was speaking up not only for myself but for other people as well changed everything. That made it worth fighting.

Even though I’ve gone through some hardships, I don’t think I’m getting colder. I know I’m still the same person that I have always been. I just understand more now. I would never go back to being religious. When I was younger, I remember feeling confused every time I thought about the universe or God. Everything’s much clearer now. I have more confidence. For the first time, I can say that I don’t care about what other people think and genuinely mean it. I don’t intentionally avoid situations where I will be surrounded by people who disagree with me. I have plenty of friends, lots of support, and I know what I’m doing is right. That makes it all much easier.

Note: Since Jessica’s interview for this book, a federal judge ruled the prayer banner in Cranston High School West to be unconstitutional.

III.

______________

Michael Amini — Michael’s Story

“Keep on working now, child.”

— B.B. King, Sinner’s Prayer

At age 19, Michael Amini was standing on a highway overpass, seconds away from suicide. He thought about jumping onto an oncoming semi, planning to be splattered on its windshield like a nighttime summer bug. And why not? As a teenager, he had just lost his faith, his girlfriend, his community, and the trust of his family. He was an ex-Mormon with no rudder. Then, B.B. King and Ray Charles’s “Sinner’s Prayer” played on his iPod. He listened to its lyrics and mustered the courage to carry on.

Michael’s story, the original inspiration for this book, is a fascinating tale of a very detailed and very personal religious journey. In the end, it was his insatiable curiosity to find the truth that led him out of his faith and toward a life without religion. His new worldview, perhaps most importantly, has enhanced his empathy, allowing him to both better understand religion and view the status of his relationship with his family without bitterness. This is Michael’s story.

Having just returned from a mission for the Mormon Church in Dusseldorf and Frankfurt, Germany, my father was encouraged to find a girl to marry. He wasn’t quite 21, but returning missionaries are commonly taught to seek “their next and last companion.” My grandmother, who worked at an elementary school at the time, brought home a faculty picture and laid it in front of my dad, telling him that she would set him up on a blind date with the girl of his choosing. He looked at the photo, thought for a moment, and put his finger down on a 25-year-old blonde teacher from Spokane, Washington. They were engaged two weeks later.

I was born in Salt Lake City, and my family moved to Spokane not long after. We were a highly active and firmly-believing Mormon family, with the faith an integral part of our lives. We would go to church every Sunday and attend extra meetings throughout the week. Most of our friends and associates were people we met there.

I took my faith seriously from a young age and was excited by the fact that I had the whole of divine truth at my back and a mission before me. Always curious and inquisitive, I took apart anything that I could to see its workings. I could hardly satisfy my desire to learn. My parents encouraged and praised my inquisitive nature and made huge sacrifices to put me in the best and most challenging schools and courses to help me grow — at one point, they even took on some janitorial duties at the private elementary school that I attended in order to offset the cost of tuition. I’ll be forever grateful for that.

My parents also encouraged me to investigate and learn about our faith. Mormonism’s foundational story begins with Joseph Smith reading the Bible and questioning his own faith, and honest, inspired inquiry continues to be stated as a core virtue of the Mormon paradigm. After all, as the Church claims, if Mormonism is truly Christ’s restored church and holds all of His truth, honest questioning can only lead to that conclusion.

The gravity of the Church and its message was never lost on me: if this was truly the way and path that would define my ultimate destiny and the fate of the world, nothing could be more important. Recognizing that I would need to take my own journey to realize my faith, I paid close attention to my lessons, talked with and asked questions of my teachers and leaders, and prayed diligently.

In Mormonism, the first Sunday of every month is called “Fast Sunday.” Members are encouraged to fast for 24 hours if they are able, take the money that they would have spent on their meals, and donate it to their church in the form of Fast Offerings, which ostensibly is used to feed the poor. Also, as part of the Sacrament Meeting on that Sunday, members can choose to go to the pulpit and “bear their testimony” before the congregation, publicly declaring their faith. Frequently, children will go to the pulpit as well, wanting to be like the adults. Because they may not know the right words to speak, a parent often accompanies them and whispers in their ears what to say. While adults try to speak about their own experiences, children often say the same thing: “I’d like to bear my testimony. I know the Church is true. I know Joseph Smith is a prophet. I know that the living prophet is a prophet today. I know the Book of Mormon is true. I love my family. In the name of Jesus Christ, amen.” Looking back, I find this to be rather disturbing, but growing up, I felt that it was well-intentioned and endearing.

The first time that I recall going to the pulpit on Fast Sunday, I must have been six or seven years old. I didn’t feel it was honest for me to proclaim that I knew the truth of something that I was in the process of investigating, so I declared, “I’d like to bear my testimony. I don’t know that the Church is true, but I’d like to find out.” It was an unusual thing to hear from a child, and I realized that I suddenly had the attention of everyone in the congregation. “I believe in this church,” I continued. “I know that I love my family, and I know that it has brought good things into my life, but I don’t know that the Church is true just yet, and I mean to find out.” After closing in the name of Jesus Christ, I returned to my seat and was commended with smiles and hugs by everyone around me. Because of their faith that the ultimate truth was within Mormonism, my family believed that my honest inquiry could only lead me to the same conclusion. They encouraged me down that path. I was baptized by my father not too long after at the age of eight, still not quite willing to state that I knew the Church to be true but hoping that it was.

Around this time, I began to have recurring nightmares of standing paralyzed at the bottom of long flights of stairs, with various monsters slowly making their way toward me. I hated these nightmares and decided that the only person I knew who could help me was God. I decided to strike a deal with Him: if He would guarantee that I would not have nightmares, then I would pray and read three pages of Scripture every night. That fear of nightmares made me a diligent reader and scholar, having now read the Book of Mormon cover to cover upwards of 15 times and the entire Bible several times. Though I’ve long ceased reading and praying, I have not had a nightmare since.

As a young student of the Church, I found the Book of Mormon to be largely boring and textually dry. There would be times when I would forget to read my Scriptures before bed, and I would feel particularly guilty, so I would make it up the next night by reading six pages, which always felt like a daunting task. Mark Twain once called the Book of Mormon “chloroform in print,” and I would tend to agree — and not solely because one of the books is named “Ether.”

Far from boring, however, were the prophecies regarding the end of the world. As described by the Book of Mormon, the end of the world will feature skeletons thrown out of their graves and entire cities sinking into the sea or being swallowed by the Earth to a soundtrack of weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth. Mormonism frequently focuses on the Apocalypse, and I was often told that my generation might be the very last before Christ returns. Having an active imagination as a child, whenever there would be a particularly violent storm, I would be absolutely terrified, thinking that the end might be near. I would spend hours on my knees crying and praying to God, “Please, don’t let the world end, but if it does, please spare me and my family, and my dog, and my friends.” On several occasions, I found myself waking up in the morning prostrate, having fallen asleep in prayer the night before.

As I got older, I began to notice odd things in the Book of Mormon and would discuss them with my leaders and teachers. At one point, for example, it condemns polygamy and later, in the Doctrine & Covenants, condones it. My teachers explained that polygamy was a policy that God would choose to implement from time to time — and during the times of the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and the early saints, it was allowed. In modern times, it was not. Knowing that they loved me and wanted the best for me, I had no reason to doubt the explanations of my leaders. As a result of those discussions, Scripture reading, and my own independent research from other Mormons regarding topics such as the archaeology of Mormon civilizations in Central America, I considered myself a budding apologist.

My freshman year, I attended a Jesuit high school. Being one of few Mormons at the school, I took it upon myself to represent the Church and tried to convert all that I could. I read from the Book of Mormon aloud and volunteered to pray in my required Catholic Scripture course. I wasn’t terribly popular. Later, I attended my local high school, where I began dating a beautiful and brilliant girl who lived nearby. She was Lutheran, but I hoped that through my example and influence, she might ultimately convert. I also attended Mormon seminary classes all four years in high school. All of this led up to my attending Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.

At the time, BYU was the perfect fit for me. It has an outstanding Middle Eastern Studies program, many of my friends were also going, my dad was an alumnus, and I had been awarded a full-tuition scholarship due to my grades and test scores. Every student at BYU, Mormon or otherwise, is required to live in Church-approved housing. There are a number of requirements to meet Church approval, such as having segregated genders and well-defined visiting hours during which members of the opposite sex are able to have supervised visits. I decided to live in the dorms with the majority of the other incoming freshmen. Each dorm has a dorm mother and father, an elderly couple that lives in the dorms to oversee the students living there. The residential advisors are highly engaged in the lives of the students on the floor, having mandatory weekly meetings and other activities.

I became close friends with many of the other boys on my floor at BYU and had a wonderful time. It was a great environment to be a young Mormon — the BYU campus is an extraordinarily isolated place, both physically and behind internet firewalls, and thus we didn’t encounter anything from the outside that challenged our faith. Our friends all believed the same things that we did, so any conflicts we did have were often small, simple, and easy to resolve. We had good, clean, Mormon fun, such as playing video games together, going hiking, or watching movies at the local dollar theater. Sometimes we would get a little crazy and watch PG-13 movies, go to Denny’s at 3:00 in the morning, or sneak off campus to get energy drinks, as there is no caffeine sold on the BYU campus.

Not everything was wonderful at BYU, however. Since Mormon girls were taught that they ought to weigh the spiritual fitness of their potential husbands, boys at BYU tended to try to out-Mormon each other to compete for female affections. One, for example, might decide that it was not righteous to listen to music with foul language, so he would dramatically smash his explicit CDs in the hallway and challenge his floor-mates to do the same. Soon, half the dorm would be putting their similar CDs in pillow cases and smashing them against doors. Public shame and guilt were pervasive, and students didn’t hesitate to report any unbecoming behavior of others to the dorm leaders.

Though I strived to follow the rules and live virtuously, I believed that the spirit of a law was more important than the letter thereof, and I found it grating when I would bump up against some of the more arbitrary ones. I was turned away from the cafeteria several times, for example, for not having shaved recently enough. I would occasionally rebel against interpretations of rules and Scriptures that I deemed to be too strict — I even made fun of those who decided that they couldn’t stay out past midnight on a Saturday, believing that to do so would violate the Sabbath.

I enjoyed having philosophical discussions with friends on how best to adhere to the ordinances and principles of the Gospel. Consequently, I began to question many of the key admonitions and rules that had been given to me. I found it interesting that other Christians saw no problem with the consumption of alcohol in moderation, while Mormonism expressly forbids all consumption. I couldn’t find a moral reason that made total abstention better than controlled and moderate drinking and ultimately determined that the only bad thing about having a single glass of wine was that it would be disobedient to what God had instructed. Being a 19-year-old boy, I also thoroughly questioned sexual morality, particularly regarding masturbation and premarital sex. Everyone wanted to know exactly how far they could go with a girl before it became inappropriate in the eyes of God, and I was no exception. For most questions, I was able to find moral justifications in the rules given to us by the Church — masturbation, I thought, must be immoral because it causes us to have lustful thoughts, which are forbidden by Jesus. I believed that it could also lead to a heightened desire for pornography, which could cause people to objectify women and might transform individuals into sexual predators.

The pinnacle of my freshman year of college was in the spring, when most of us would receive our mission calls. Like most Mormons, I had been raised with a desire to serve a mission in order to bring the Gospel to the world. Mormon men sitting around a campfire on a camping trip tell stories from their mission the way that other men discuss their days in military service or at college, calling it the best two years of their lives. I couldn’t wait for mine. As a child, I liked to spin a globe and push my finger onto the surface until it stopped, imagining that I would serve a mission wherever my finger happened to land. Nothing excited me more than the possibility of traveling to a foreign country. One by one, the other boys in the dorm got their calls. They would hold parties with all of their friends present and with their family members on the phone or connected via the internet, opening and reading the fateful letter to noisemakers and applause. My excitement was overwhelming when I received my call to the Singapore mission, which included Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other nearby areas as well. I was to report to the Missionary Training Center in Provo, Utah on June 16th, 2006!

I was scheduled to go through the Endowment ceremony on the 10th of June, six days prior to start of my mission. Many Christian sects believe that entrance to heaven requires that the baptismal ordinance is performed, but Mormons believe that baptism is but one of several ordinances that are requisite to enter the highest kingdom of heaven, the Endowment being one of them. Receiving the Endowment is a ceremony that can only take place in a Mormon temple, and most Mormons do so either immediately before leaving for a mission or immediately before marriage.

I had been aware of the existence of the ceremony, and I knew that it was at the time of the Endowment that members begin to wear garments — commonly called “Mormon underwear” by non-members. I knew that the garments were a bit odd from an outsider’s perspective, but I grew up seeing my parents and other family members wearing them, so it didn’t seem particularly strange to me. I had been taught that they are meant to serve as reminders of the covenants that are made in the temple, and that was acceptable enough. Growing up, I had occasionally heard Apocryphal Mormon folk stories about garments providing supernatural protection for, for example, people who had been lit on fire in a horrible accident, having burns everywhere but where their garments touched their bodies. I had been taught that God rewards obedience, and it seemed reasonable that He might cause miracles for those who wore the garments as they had been commanded.

Other than the receiving of garments, I knew nothing of the Endowment. I took a preparatory course from the Church, but the focus of the course was to prepare me to be in the right spiritual state to receive it. The course said nothing about the actual content of the ceremony. As we drove to the temple, my parents and grandmother told me that I needed to keep in mind that what takes place in the temple is highly symbolic and that I may need to go for many years before finally grasping the true meaning of it all. I was excited and intrigued, if a little nervous, as we entered together.

To publicly discuss the ceremony outside of the temple is firmly forbidden. I know many ex-Mormons who still refuse to talk about the ceremony because of how badly it would be seen by their Mormon friends and family. What follows is my account of the ceremony — readers that would be offended by the same ought to skip this section.

Though it was over five years ago now, and the details are a bit fuzzy, I recall most of that day quite clearly. I had always liked the temple. It is built and designed for calmness and serenity — the building itself is remarkably soundproof, and the interior is designed to maintain that. Aged temple workers in white flow through the various rooms, keeping everything in order while speaking only in whispers. One temple worker sits at an elevated white desk at the entrance with a book of names before him, ensuring that only members who have been approved by their bishops — holding a card called a Temple Recommend — enter.

I entered the Spokane, Washington temple with my parents and grandmother. The man at the front desk smiled as he took my Recommend, asking, “First time?” I nodded, and he put his arm around me as we walked toward a small office behind him, where the temple president was waiting. He must have been in his sixties, and I remember him smiling warmly as he shook my hand. He explained that I would first need to go to the locker rooms to change into my temple clothes, which my parents had purchased and brought with them. I was to be washed and anointed, and then, the Endowment would proceed. “At some point in the ceremony,” he told me, “you will be asked for your second name. This second name is your divine name, your true name, and the name that you were known by before this life and will be known as after this life.” He admonished me to never share my second name with anyone, as the Lord had said that anyone who knew your true name would have power over you. He leaned over his desk as my parents turned away and whispered, “Barnabus.” As I mulled over the bitter-tasting realization that I would be known as Barney for the rest of eternity, the president offered to give a prayer before we continued.

My mother and grandmother went to the left while my father and I went to the right, heading to our respective changing rooms. As my dad started pulling the clothes out of the bag he had brought, I noticed a man walking about in what I assumed was the full temple dress. I caught my breath in surprise. The hat looked like a white, puffy beret, listing slightly to one side. He wore a white toga-like garment with a white sash running from one shoulder to the opposite hip. The most striking piece was the bright green apron around his waist. It was tied in the back and ran from his waist to near his knees and was embroidered with fig leaves. Rather surprised, I figured that the man must have been wearing something special to perform a certain ceremony. I then saw my dad pull out a set of the same clothes for each of us. As he put on the temple clothes, I put on a simple toga-like robe for the washing and anointing ceremony. The toga had no sleeves, was cut below the arms to the waist, and I wore nothing beneath it.

We walked to a small room that was subdivided into four sections by tall curtains. My dad waited near the entrance of the room, and an elderly temple worker entered with some consecrated oil. He said nothing to me but poured a little bit on my head and said a blessing. We then proceeded through the other three sections of the room. In each room, he would put a little bit of oil on different parts of my body and say a blessing. I was a bit concerned that one of the blessed parts would be my genitals and was relieved when the ceremony ended without anything of the sort.

We entered a central room, which looked like a small movie theater with a single aisle in the middle. Facing the screen, all of the men were seated on the right, and the women were seated on the left, where I saw my mother and grandmother. Their clothes were similar to the men, but where the men wore hats, the women wore white veils that covered their faces. Temple workers stood at the corners and one, who directed the members to their seats and conducted the ceremony, stood in front.

I was utterly confused and dismayed. I had been raised in a church that eschewed silly costumes and rituals; my Mormon friends and I made fun of Catholics for all of their odd pomp and Latin. Mormonism had always seemed to me to be predicated upon the more logical Protestant notion that God really doesn’t care what costumes you wear or what motions you go through, but rather that He cares more about the substance of your heart. I believed that I knew Mormonism inside and out. Yet, here I was, sitting amidst a room full of people in bizarre costumes with secret names in a ritual that I couldn’t connect to anything familiar, no matter how I tried. As I looked at the screen before me, I hoped that the film that would be played would show that the whole thing had been an elaborate Candid-Camera-esque prank on my behalf. Unfortunately, that was not the case.

The film appeared to have been made in the 80s, judging from the production quality and haircuts of the actors. It began in the heavens, showing the story of the preexistence, in which our spirits dwelt prior to deciding to come to Earth. It went on to show God and Jesus creating Adam and teaching him that there are names, signs, and tokens that he needed to know in order to return to heaven, narrating something to the effect of “and then Elohim — the name of God according to Mormon belief — taught Adam the signs and tokens of the first order of the Aaronic Priesthood.”

The film then paused, the lights raised, and the temple worker who conducted the ceremony demonstrated the signs and tokens that God was referring to. The people participating in the ceremony turned to one another and performed the signs and tokens, and the film resumed. This occurred several more times. I don’t recall all of the various names, signs, and tokens, but I recall that the signs looked like something a football referee would signal when making a call. The tokens took the form of various handshakes — placing a thumb in between the first two knuckles of the other hand, for example. I did my best to remember all of the names, signs, and tokens but was too overwhelmed to do so very effectively.

My mind was racing. How had I managed nearly 20 years in the Church without knowing about the odd costumes and secret handshakes? I knew the Scripture and the doctrine, and this wasn’t in it. Where had it all come from? I felt that I had been deceived.

The film ended, and the participants proceeded to the next room. The three rooms of the Endowment correspond with the Mormon idea that heaven is divided into three major kingdoms: the celestial, the terrestrial, and the telestial, associated with the sun, the Earth, and the stars, respectively, in degrees of glory. The room with the film is the telestial room, the second is the terrestrial, and the third and final, the celestial.

I later discovered that prior to 1991, the ceremony in the first room contained an explanation of the penalties for anyone who would break their covenants and tell someone else what happens there. The participants in the ceremony would pantomime disemboweling themselves and slitting their own throats from ear to ear. This tradition was removed in 1991, but since it is not permitted to discuss the ceremony outside of the temple, no reason was ever given as to why.

I entered the terrestrial room and saw an altar in the middle that resembled a short Greek pillar, about waist high, with a small closed box on top. My father whispered to me that this was where the names were submitted by members of the Church for special prayers. After entering the room, the participants stood in a circle, alternating genders. Each put their left hand on the shoulder of the person next to them and held their right hand up as if swearing at court. The temple worker leading the ceremony then said a blessing one sentence at a time, which was then repeated by the participants. I recall this being the most unsettling part of the ceremony. The women had lowered their veils, and repeating the prayer sounded very much like a chant.

After the prayer circle had concluded, we turned to face a large curtain that walled off one end of the room. The curtain, representing the veil that bars the entrance to heaven, had symbols sewn and cut into it, and I recognized the symbols as the same symbols that were sewn into the garments — the compass, resembling a V; the square, resembling an L; and a flat line below. I watched as one by one, participants approached the curtain. They would reach to the side of the curtain and hit a small bell with a mallet, as if ringing a doorbell. A temple worker standing on the other side, representing God, would ask who was there. The participant would whisper their second name and then proceed to give the various names and handshakes to the worker through the curtain. I didn’t remember all of the names, signs, and tokens, but a temple worker was standing nearby to whisper reminders to me when I needed them.

The celestial room is the most beautiful room in the temple. Everything from the carpets to the tissue boxes is in white or gold, and a huge crystal chandelier sits above the center of the room. No ceremony takes places within it, but members are free to sit within and contemplate and pray as long as they like. It’s also the only place where the Endowment can be discussed.

I passed through the veil to the smiles of my parents and grandmother. They were beaming with pride and happiness as my grandma asked, “Wasn’t that amazing? Wasn’t that just wonderful?” Feeling completely overwhelmed and wanting nothing more than to get away from the temple, I couldn’t think of anything to say. “I think that all of the men look like celestial chefs,” I blurted out. They laughed quietly, and we went back to the changing rooms and left the temple. The car ride back home was mercifully silent, and I didn’t speak to anyone for several hours after that. I kept replaying the ceremony through in my mind, trying to find any connection to the Church I had grown up in, believed in, and loved. I barely slept that night, lying in bed in the garments for the first time, cycling through various emotions. I felt angry at the Church for deceiving me — it felt as if my entire upbringing had been a bait-and-switch con. Realizing that there were huge portions of Church doctrine that I had obviously been completely ignorant about was terrifying, especially combined with the fact that I was due to sacrifice two years of my life, time, and independence to serve a mission to preach in its name.

The next few days went by in a haze. I couldn’t stop trying to find ways to square the ceremony with the culture and doctrine that I had been raised with. Not long after, I was walking through a Barnes & Noble and saw a book on display on the edge of an aisle. On the cover, I saw the compass, the square, and the very same green fig apron that I had seen in the temple. I snatched the book, found a corner of the room, and furiously tore through its pages. The book was an exploration of Masonic rituals, and as I flipped through page after page of the same symbols and handshakes I had seen in the temple, a narrative formed in my mind.

I sat on the floor staring at the ceiling. Suddenly, the Church no longer looked like a divine restoration of an eternal organization but a patchwork faith cobbled together from anything that Joseph Smith had encountered and found mystical. All the challenges, struggles, questions, and dilemmas I had suddenly made sense. I leaned forward, afraid I might vomit. In a world-shattering 15 minutes, I had decided that the Church was man-made.

Should I still go on a mission? I had wanted nothing more in my life than to travel abroad, and I had purchased a ticket to Singapore. My whole life had been building to this climax, and there were more than 300 people at my church who were all proud that I would fulfill my destiny and serve a mission. I still felt like a Mormon. I determined that even if the Church wasn’t perfectly inspired, it could still be of God and good for people. I decided that I would go, despite my new conclusion. However, having determined that some of the Church rules had no moral justification short of the virtue of obedience to God, I decided that I might not need to follow all of them.

I was in a relationship with a girl in high school, and we continued to date long-distance while I was at BYU and she was at her college several states away. She was Protestant but open to discussing faith, and I had hoped that she would wait for me to return from my mission, after which she might convert, and we could get married.

I was set to fly to the Missionary Training Center in Provo, Utah, on the 16th of June, and she would be arriving home from college on the night of June 15th. I called her not long after going to Barnes & Noble, and I told her all about the ceremony, how I felt confused and dismayed, and what I had concluded. Feeling suddenly freed from the moral constraints of the Church, we decided that before I flew out, we would lose our virginity together.

The 15th came, and my parents allowed us half an hour in the living room to say goodbye. We did so, and everyone went to bed not long after. Being a resourceful Eagle Scout, I had procured some climbing rope, created hand-holds, and had tied it to my bed frame. Near midnight, I opened the window and rappelled from the second floor to the ground.

Realizing that the garments would probably not be the most mood-appropriate attire for the occasion, I had stashed a pair of boxers in the backyard. I changed into them in the backyard, stashed the garments in the wheel well of my car, and snuck over to her house and into her window. I flew out to the MTC at 6:00 AM the next morning.

The MTC is where missionaries go prior to entering “the field.” There, they spend every waking hour studying Scripture, learning the lessons that they will be teaching, praying, singing hymns, and learning the appropriate language for their mission. Missionaries in the MTC also regularly attend the temple and often take shifts responding to phone calls and online chats from Mormon.org.

Each missionary is assigned a companion, a fellow missionary, to accompany them everywhere — even standing outside the bathroom when the other needs to go. Mission rules are quite strict, and every missionary has a little white book affectionately dubbed the “white Bible” that contains most of them. Rules include a blanket restriction on personal communication, with the exception of one letter sent to family once per week and one short phone call each Christmas and Mother’s Day. There’s also a restriction on all music and entertainment except for hymns and other Church-approved materials. Exercise, laundry, and household chores are all to be done on a single day of the week. Somewhat ironically, missionaries are given the title of “Elder” while on their mission.

I was incredibly apprehensive coming to the MTC, which felt simultaneously familiar and foreign, comfortable and bizarre. I believed the Church to be good and had such strong faith in it for most of my life that I was eventually able to immerse myself in the experience and set aside my misgivings. The brotherhood that I experienced with my fellow missionary companions was incredible, and our sense of purpose was crystal clear. I have heard Mormon war veterans compare the MTC to boot camp, with the kicker of a divine destiny in addition to the collegial camaraderie. We knew without question what was good and what was evil, and we were setting out as soldiers in the army of God to save the world.

I loved being at the MTC. I was praying at every opportunity and studying Scripture 10 hours a day. The longer I was there, the more I felt my shaken faith begin to heal. I began to realize that I had been in the faith for my whole life, my parents had been in the Church for decades, and most of the people who I knew and respected were members. I asked myself, “If they all had made sense of it and stayed faithful, how could I be so arrogant and rash as to throw it all away in the course of 15 minutes at Barnes & Noble?” I began to feel reaffirmed in my divine cause and was so excited to leave Utah and get to Singapore that I soon became known as “Elder Can’t-Sit-Still.”

It’s a running joke in Mormonism to refer to the MTC as the Missionary Torture Chamber, since the missionaries are put through an emotional wringer. If you had ever done anything wrong, guilt compounded every day; we saw missionaries having emotional breakdowns on a regular basis. I began to feel incredibly guilty for having premarital sex. Every morning, every class, every prayer, the thought of my horrible transgression ate at my conscience.

Three days before my group was to fly to Singapore, I felt the need to make a decision: if this was the true faith, if my parents and everyone I loved and respected were right, then the only honest thing that I could do would be to confess my sin and bear the consequences, hoping that I would still be permitted to go. Gathering all of the courage that I had, I confided in my companion, and we walked together to the mission president’s office. I sat down in front of the president, I immediately began to cry, and I confessed what I had done. I told him how sincere my desire to be righteous was and begged him to allow me to continue to serve. He gave me a hug and asked me to wait outside while he consulted the other mission leaders. After what felt like years, he stepped out of the office and told me that I would need to return home and repent before I could continue on my mission. He handed me a phone, instructed me to call my family to let them know what was happening, and left the room.

To this day, I have never done anything as difficult as dialing that number to reach my parents. Remembering the heartbreak and disappointment in my father’s voice brings tears to my eyes even now, years later.

I walked as slowly as I could back to my room to pack my things. I wanted to remember it all — how it all looked, how it all felt, even the smells. Despite the utter confusion of the events prior to my arrival, I had found simplicity and peace in the MTC, and I knew that I would be returning to turmoil and shame. When I got to my room, I took a small piece of paper and wrote a promise to myself that I would return to the MTC and not let anything get in the way of fulfilling my divine mission. I signed it, sealed it with a prayer, unscrewed the faceplate of a power socket, and slipped it into the wall. I then said a tearful goodbye to my companions and flew home, completely broken. My parents met me at the airport and hardly said a word as they tearfully hugged me. If we spoke at all on the car ride home, I don’t remember it.

The weeks that followed are now a blur to me. I lived in my own personal hell. My little brother, in middle school at the time, had been vocally proud of me and my mission to his peers. Upon my return, he had to explain to his friends why I was back home. My little sister wasn’t quite old enough to understand the gravity of the situation, but she provided the kind of unconditional comfort and love that only a little girl can. My parents didn’t know what to do with me other than to make sure that I was fed and going to church. I met with all of my local church leaders and begged them to let me return, assuring them that I had repented and was ready to serve God. They had known and loved me for years. Believing my sin to be an uncharacteristic mistake, they told me that if I continued to repent, they could consider sending me back in as soon as three months.

Three months. It seemed an age away, but at the same time, I had been warned that it could take up to a year. If I could last for three months, then I could get away from the shame. Soon, I realized that if I truly wanted to be able to return and serve in earnest, I needed to be able to accept the Endowment ceremony as part of my spirituality and faith. I began carefully investigating the temple, asking leaders and friends for Church books and other material on the subject. There wasn’t much — members are prohibited from talking about the ceremony outside of the temple. I was also quite hesitant to turn to the internet for information since I knew that I would be bombarded with anti-Mormon propaganda.

Mormons actively revile materials that are critical of the Church. Labeled “anti-Mormon,” simply “anti,” or “spiritual pornography,” they’re believed to be the tools of Satan as he attempts to destroy the faith of the members. Since the Church is of God, anything that attacks, criticizes, or otherwise discourages it must be from Satan. It is entirely inconceivable to most Mormons that someone could have a legitimate concern or grievance with the Church or its doctrines.

Mormons believe that because their faith is the fullness of truth, if people leave, it is because there is something wrong with them — perhaps they were too prideful or too weak to abstain from sin, for example. It’s fairly common that Mormons who had painful experiences within it leave the Church and become disdainful of it, thereafter saying or publishing negative things. These attacks are taken as proof that they actually know in their soul that the Church is true and have to constantly and stubbornly reinforce their rebellion against their God-given nature: “They can leave the Church, but they can’t leave it alone” is an oft-repeated phrase.

I had always imagined “anti” to be metaphorically covered in a black tar that would crawl up my arm and taint my soul if I were to ever touch it, so my research on the internet began only by browsing official Church websites. Turning up nothing, I began to look at the blogs and websites of Mormon apologists. They had some interesting content, particularly on the connection between Mormonism and Freemasonry, but that only served to pique my interest rather than satiate it. At some point in my investigation, I got an e-mail from a cousin in California. I knew that he was in a questioning phase with the Church, and he had heard that I had had difficulty with the Endowment ceremony. He referred me to a particular website run by an active member called MormonStories.org and told me that he would love to talk to me if I had any questions or if I just wanted to talk. It was comforting to know that someone in my family might understand what I was going through. I went to the site cautiously and found a video called “Why People Leave the Church.” I plugged in some headphones and hit play.

It began with John Dehlin, the man behind the website, introducing himself, his background, and his intentions. He said that he was an active LDS member and wanted to help bring understanding and compassion to those who were struggling with the faith. As the presentation continued, he brought up a number of things that I had never heard before. I had known that, at some point, black people had not been allowed to hold the position of priesthood or go to the temple, but I did not know that the ban hadn’t been lifted until 1979. I had known that polygamy had been common for a phase in early Church history, but I didn’t know all of the facts about Joseph Smith: he had 33 wives in total, some of whom already had husbands, the youngest being a 14-year-old. The room began to spin, and I felt dizzy and weak. I paused the presentation and walked away. It was the same feeling I had had in the temple — the feeling that there was a completely different side to the Church that I hadn’t known about, a dark side that had been hidden from me for nearly 20 years. After taking a brief walk around the block, I returned and finished the presentation. I don’t think I read a single thing for days afterward.

After I finally resumed investigating online, I began to discover an entire segment of the Mormon population that I hadn’t known about before — the “fringe” Mormons. Their stories were usually similar to mine — faithful members who chanced upon something that shocked them about the history of the Church, began researching, and found a hoard of facts that didn’t match the official teachings. Some left, but some stayed active in the Church, though their beliefs morphed into very non-traditional forms. Prior to the internet, they stayed connected through two key magazines/discussion groups known as Dialogue and Sunstone. Afterward frequently known as “Sunstone Mormons,” they supported each other, often in secret to avoid repercussions, as they struggled to cope with life within the Church. The internet has allowed them to connect more directly through sites such as MormonStories.org, the Further Light & Knowledge forum, and NewOrderMormon.org.

The Church, especially in the past 50 years, has worked hard to establish a firm doctrine. The Correlation Committee, a group of Apostles, decides the message and works to keep the Church consistent on that message. For example, this Sunday, every Mormon 10-year-old in the U.S. will hear the same Sunday school lesson. Faithful Mormons will only teach and learn about their faith from correlated materials. Thus, mainstream Mormons are commonly known in “fringe” circles as “Correlated Mormons,” “Chapel Mormons,” or “TBMs” — True Blue or Believing Mormons.

Compelled as I was to fully unearth the hidden trove of knowledge I had chanced upon, I was finding it difficult to study online. With the computer quite intentionally placed in a highly trafficked area of the house, I was afraid that my parents might find out what I was reading. I decided to try the local library. They had several non-correlated histories of the Church, which I checked out immediately. I poured through the pages as fast as I could in the remaining daylight in the library parking lot and drove home, leaving the books in the car.

A day or two later, my parents spotted the books — one of them being The God Makers by the infamous anti-Mormon Ed Decker. “I will not have that sort of material in my home,” my dad told me. “It brings a spirit of blackness with it. I don’t want it anywhere near here. I won’t allow it on my property — including the car.”

I was furious. So alien and disruptive were the facts I was discovering about my faith, I might as well have discovered secret documents proving that the Founding Fathers were actually lizard-people in disguise — and here was my dad, seizing the classified documents and placing me in an information quarantine. I immediately began drawing up an escape plan from my perceived intellectual prison.

I can’t imagine what these weeks must have felt like to my parents. At first, they were filled with such pride at the great undertaking of their oldest son, only to be utterly heartbroken by my early and shameful return. Then, just when it looked like I might be redeemed, they saw me starting to take steps away from the Church entirely. Knowing that my curiosity wouldn’t remain at bay for long, they sought out help.

Not long after my parents saw the books, I received a call from a man in my ward whom I loved and respected a great deal, inviting me over to talk. I knew that my parents must have arranged it, but I could see no harm in talking to him — any new knowledge would be worthwhile. As it turned out, much to my surprise, he was a Sunstone Mormon! He took me up to the library in his office and showed me a whole wall filled with books on Mormonism. Over the course of several meetings, he invited me to borrow and read several books that he deemed accurate yet fair and shared his personal philosophy regarding the truthfulness and value of the Church. Though I was far from a decision on the truthfulness of the Church, I was certain that in order to truly make an informed decision, I had to hear from all sides, which was something I couldn’t do at home.

Most of my friends interacted with me sparingly at this point, but there were two who stayed close — one, a lifelong atheist (despite all my best efforts to convert him), and a Mormon who had recently come out to me as gay. Together, the three of us found an apartment only a few miles away and moved in shortly thereafter.

I spent the better part of the next year pouring over every book on Mormonism that I could get my hands on. I studied, I prayed, I fasted, I visited the temple grounds, and I fervently read the Scriptures. Before me were two paths: one to Singapore, the other into the unknown. My life could not progress until I took a firm step in one direction.

I continued to be shocked by the things that I read about Mormonism. I discovered that most fringe Mormons had long abandoned maintaining the Book of Mormon as a historical document. The archaeology didn’t fit the stories. Linguistic analysis showed no trace of Semitic speech patterns in the Americas, the geography didn’t line up, DNA analysis of Native Americans had shown no trace of Middle Eastern ancestry. The more I studied, the more it became clear to me that not only was the history of the Church far from faith-promoting, but the Book of Mormon, the very keystone of our religion, was, at best, a piece of divine fiction.

Having moved beyond reasonable doubt of the truthfulness of the claims of Mormonism, I began to investigate the path of the fringe Mormons. I wanted to determine if could I stay in Mormonism even if I didn’t believe it. I was young and in a unique position to reinvent myself, so there was no social reason, beyond my family, compelling me to stay. As I contemplated what it would be like to raise a family outside the Church, I realized that I had to decide whether or not I believed the Church to be beneficial to people in all circumstances. Living with a homosexual Mormon answered that question for me rather quickly.

Ever since my friend had come out to me, I had felt uncomfortable with the options that the Church presented to homosexuals — to either be celibate or to pretend to be straight. My only justification of the position of the Church had been through its divine mandate. Without that, and by being able to witness what it put my friend through on a daily basis, I realized that I could not accept the Church on that alone.

As my faith was slipping away, so were the remnants of the life I had led. My relationship with my family at that time was strained and painful — my parents wouldn’t even allow me to be around my younger siblings without supervision, for fear that I might share what I had been reading. My grandmother wouldn’t even talk to me; years later, we’re just now almost to the point of speaking again. Beyond the two I was living with, most of my childhood friends would hardly communicate with me, and several had been prohibited by their parents from visiting me. I was nearly financially ruined from the expenses of moving into a new apartment when I received a letter from BYU informing me that my attendance was under suspension pending Ecclesiastical Endorsement from my bishop. Former members of the Church, I knew, could not get an Endorsement from the leader of another faith — if I didn’t repent and return to good standing with the Church, I wouldn’t be able to continue college. I was desperately clinging to everything that I could grasp in my life and losing the pieces one by one.

Though my girlfriend was Lutheran, her parents were furious at us for what we had done and had asked her not to continue to see me. At first, we found ways to see each other, but the guilt began to wear on her deeply — it didn’t help that I became increasingly needy and desperate as my situation became more difficult. One day in late November of 2005, I received an e-mail from her informing me that we would no longer speak. Feeling as if my life was without meaning, purpose, the foundation of support from the people I loved, or the potential for a rewarding future, I considered that I was simply beyond repair. I finally felt that I had lost it all. I grabbed my iPod, put it on shuffle, grabbed a coat, and left my apartment.

I walked and cried for hours in the nearby woods. I felt like I had nothing left — that my family reviled me, that most of the people I loved and respected wouldn’t even associate with me, that I wouldn’t be able to finish college, and, now, that my girlfriend of several years wouldn’t even speak to me. Broken, angry, and without hope, I sent her a message that I was going to kill myself. I proceeded to walk to a nearby freeway overpass.

As I stood atop the highway, looking down on the cars rushing by, fully intending to jump, my iPod shuffled to a track I hadn’t heard before. The piano begins simply, followed by the beautiful tones of a crystal clear electric guitar, with a Wurlitzer organ finishing the wind-up. The song was “Sinner’s Prayer” by Ray Charles and B.B. King. No hymn had ever struck me as powerfully as B.B. King’s slow-hand blues did on the Pines overpass in Spokane. I sat down on the sidewalk, barely able to breathe. Instantly, I no longer felt alone. The blues communicated to me that billions of people had been through horrible things, had hit the bottom, and yet, they somehow had discovered the strength to carry on — and God damn it all, if they could make it, so could I. I stood up, walked home, and, utterly emotionally exhausted, slept deeply.

I woke up to my phone ringing and the strained voices of my parents on the other end. I suddenly realized that my girlfriend must have called them. I felt terrible. Of all of the choices I made in my exodus from Mormonism, sending that message saying that I was going to commit suicide is the choice that I regret the most. I can’t imagine how much pain that caused.

My dad asked me to meet him at a local sandwich shop, and I told him everything that had happened and everything that I was feeling. He told me that he wanted me to know that he loved me no matter what and asked what he could do to help. He encouraged me to apply to a different college. Though I believe the Church to be a force of division between families and friends, and though it still feels as though there is a very real wall between my family and me, I’ll be forever grateful for my truly remarkable parents.

At this time, I was still regularly visiting with my local bishop. I was still in trouble with the Church for having premarital sex, and it had not yet been decided that I had repented. My bishop reminded me that if I did not begin to repent soon, he would have no choice but to hold a disciplinary council. A month or two later, he did.

I don’t recall all of the details of the council, since it was an altogether harrowing experience. I was as honest as I could be, telling them that I wanted with all my heart for the Church to be true. I wanted so badly to believe, to return, and to repent, and to go back out on a mission, but I was having such a difficult time with the truth claims of the Church that I couldn’t yet do it. I also assured them that I was fervently praying, fasting, and reading Scriptures and was always seeking an answer from God. They asked me to wait outside so they could reach a verdict. It was all I could do to keep myself from placing my ear against the door.

They let me back in after what seemed like an eternity and asked me to sit. They told me that they believed that my desire to have faith was sincere and that they would suspend any disciplinary action pending a further probationary period. If I attended church regularly, continued to seek after the faith, and did not break any other serious commandments, then the probation would end. If not, they would reconvene, and I could face excommunication.

About a month later, in the spring of 2006, I realized, finally, that I could no longer believe in the Church. It had become clear to me that the Church was not only not based on fact, but that it also did more harm than good. Being excommunicated would feel as if my decision had been made by others for me, and I couldn’t accept that. Thus, I decided that I would ask to have my records removed from the Church. I wrote a long, bulleted list of the problems that I had with the Church and brought it with me to the next meeting with the bishop.

I told him that I had come to the conclusion that the Church wasn’t true, and I just couldn’t will myself to believe it anymore. I showed him my list. As a courtesy to him and my parents, I told him that if he could at least give me reasonable doubt on any two of the issues that I had listed by the next monthly meeting, I would continue to stay and study for another year.

When I returned the next month, he told me that he hadn’t been able to help with the list. He said that whether or not I stayed in the faith shouldn’t be based upon his ability to answer the questions. I told him that I was certain enough. I then took the list, flipped it over, borrowed his pen, and wrote my resignation letter on the back. My affiliation with the Church was officially over.

I received wonderful pieces of mail in the following few weeks — an acceptance letter to the University of Washington and confirmation that my records had been removed from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. My life was moving forward.

No longer a Mormon, I suddenly realized that I didn’t know who I was or what to believe. My studies of Mormonism had included a great deal of study of the Bible, so it wasn’t long before I realized that I couldn’t believe in Christianity either. Islam held my attention for awhile, and I liked many of its core beliefs and tenets, but it still shared many of the same moral dilemmas as Mormonism. I began to drift east philosophically, studying Hinduism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Each faith I studied had elements that I loved, but none of them truly spoke to me, and they all had moral stances that I couldn’t fully agree with. I ended up deciding that I was generically theistic, perhaps agnostic or deistic. I still prayed and still felt that there must be a presence above us or at least something more to this life.

Without Scripture and rules, though, I no longer had the moral rudder of Mormonism. I still had a strong desire to be a moral person; I didn’t want to make choices that I would regret, that would harm other people, or would otherwise leave my heart unsettled. I sat down with a pen and paper and began listing all of the rules, prohibitions, and virtues that I had been taught in Mormonism, leaving nothing spared. Some moral questions, such as masturbation, I had already reasoned through and was able to categorize quickly. What about alcohol, though? Drugs? Cigarettes? Coffee? Giving to the poor? Obedience? Tithing? One issue at a time, I built a personal code based on empathy, love, and reason.

I also began reading about atheism as a philosophy, new and old, famous and obscure. The more I read, the more I realized that it fit the patterns that I had seen in my life. I slowly began to realize that a small part of me had always doubted, had always known that I didn’t fully believe. It was the only philosophy I had read that I didn’t have to do mental gymnastics in order to accept. It felt right.

Very similar to Julia Sweeney’s description in her hilarious and wonderful monologue, “Letting Go of God,” I remember the very moment when I let go. It felt as if I said goodbye and watched this little old man fade off into nothingness. It wasn’t sad or mournful, but it did feel nostalgic, not unlike the feeling of putting your childhood teddy bear in a box as you packed your things to move away to college.

I had to let go. I let go of the afterlife, and with it, all of the loved ones I had lost. Letting go of my grandfather was, for me, much, much harder than letting go of God.

It took a very long time for guilt to fade any time I did something I had previously thought of as immoral, such as having a glass of wine. Every time I was struck with guilt, I would bring out my list and reason through the morality of what I was doing, just to be sure.

The most difficult thing to move beyond was the idea that everything that occurred in my mind was observed and that I would be judged for it. I recall being at the mall and seeing an attractive girl walking by in a skimpy outfit. My imagination immediately ran wild before I caught myself thinking, “No, that’s a horrible thing to think. I’m filled with lust, and that’s evil. I have to stop!” I paused for a moment, smiled, and thought, “Wait — there is nothing immoral about thoughts. There’s no rational reason to judge a thought as immoral.” Feeling liberated, I lusted the hell out of that girl and enjoyed every damned minute of it. Honestly, I didn’t even feel that much sexual desire toward her. I was just thriving in the knowledge that I could have sexual thoughts without shame and guilt!

It hit me as I was walking home — I could think anything! I could have any opinion on any subject, and it would be my own! No longer would I have to check against Scripture and other doctrine to make sure that my opinions were in line with God; I could decide my opinions with my own reason! I could believe that humans evolved from apes; I could believe that homosexuality isn’t a choice. Hell, I could believe that we’re living in the Matrix, and no one could tell me I couldn’t. That moment was one of the most liberating, beautiful, and happy experiences of my life.

The next fall, I enrolled at the University of Washington in Seattle. Mormons hold approachability and niceness as a virtue, making it easy to enter a new area and make friends. But without being surrounded by people who exuded that layer of artificial niceness, I simply didn’t know how to act. Thus, for most of my first year there, I was very much alone and fell into a dark and numb state of depression. Believing my pain and isolation to be a result of having been raised Mormon, I became bitter and venomous toward faith in general and Mormonism in particular. If only everyone could know what I knew, I reasoned, then they all would believe what I believe, and they could all escape their religions before they caused any more pain. Using tactics taught to me as a Mormon, I would bring up religion in totally unrelated conversations in order to share what I knew. This didn’t exactly help me make friends.

I then joined a group on campus called the Secular Student Union. There, I met with other students who were going through something similar, just as estranged from the world as I was. The group held weekly meetings, where we discussed current events, shared stories, and debated moral questions. I was particularly excited to explore questions of ethics and morality from a nonreligious standpoint, and the meetings quickly became the highlight of my week — and sometimes, the extent of my social interaction.

After my first year at the UW, I became president of the Secular Student Union. Feeling once again that I had a mission and calling, I dedicated myself to its growth and establishment. I connected our group with larger, national organizations such as the Secular Student Alliance and the Center for Inquiry. I debated with a local megachurch pastor for a video podcast series and organized Richard Dawkins’s visit to UW, which was the most attended atheistic event in the history of the Pacific Northwest.

Feeling empowered and connected, I also began dating girls and developing myself socially. It didn’t take long, however, for me to realize that the same approach that had brought me success within the non-theistic movement was not nearly as effective outside of it. My venomous anti-theism was usually met with indifference at best and revulsion at worst.

I began to grow in my beliefs and worldview. Atheism started to feel less and less new, exciting, and definitional, becoming merely a part of who I was. I no longer felt like a freed prisoner from a Mormon mental gulag but more as if I had been free all along.

When I was at BYU, my parents weren’t expecting to have to pay much for my college education. Because I had earned a full-tuition scholarship there and lived in tithe-subsidized housing on campus, my costs were about as low as possible for a college education in the United States. Unfortunately, I had no such scholarship at UW. My parents informed me that they were willing to pay as much as they had been paying for BYU, but no more. I maxed out the amount of public student loans available to me — an amount determined by my parents’ income — but it still wasn’t quite enough. I started putting tuition on credit cards, worked as much as I could, and ate all the Top Ramen I could stomach. Despite my efforts, nearing my degree, my credit limit was maxed out, and I was broke. My only option was to get a private student loan. Most private school loans require a cosigner, and mine was no exception. I asked my parents, but they told me that they were opposed to cosigning for loans as a rule. With my tuition deadline coming up fast, I began to panic.

After I did some initial planning for an interfaith project with a student Christian group, their pastor, a man named Greg, asked me how I was doing. Since I could barely think about much else, I told him about my financial situation and how I wasn’t sure what to do. He nodded, paused, and said, “Let me talk to my wife. We might be able to help you with that.” I was taken aback — I had barely met this man, and he seemed to be willing to consider helping me in such a meaningful way.

I fully expected him to reconsider his offer later, so I continued to search for a solution. Valerie Tarico, a local psychologist and secular activist I met through the Secular Student Union — she has written a wonderful book called Trusting Doubt: A Former Evangelical Looks at Old Beliefs in a New Light — was generous enough to cosign my loan. Not long after, I was studying when I received a Facebook chat message from Greg. “Hello there! I know that the tuition deadline is coming up soon,” he wrote. “And I wanted to let you know that I talked to my wife, and we would be able to cosign that loan for you.” I sat back in my chair, tears welling up in my eyes. Having been treated like a pariah and with utter distrust by Mormons I had known my whole life, it was utterly overwhelming to me that this man who barely knew me was willing to trust me so sincerely. Before I could respond, he said, “We’ll talk later. I have to go. I’m at the hospital right now — my daughter was just born.” Greg took the time to step away from his newborn baby girl to help a near stranger in a time of need, to help me. When I think about the best parts of Christianity, I think of Greg.

Over time, my interactions with wonderful people of all faiths began to quell my anger and frustration. I began to realize that I care a great deal more about who a person is than what a person believes in, that I care more about being a good person than being right.

That’s not to say I never get upset with religion in general or Mormonism in particular. Due to the involvement of the Church in fighting against same-sex marriage, for example, I’ve seen people I love actively seek to take away the rights of other people I love. I also get upset at the deceit of the Church — when they teach whitewashed versions of history, deceptively represent homosexuals, atheists, and other groups, and subjugate and oppress women, among other things. Being upset, however, does not lead me to confront individual Mormons on their beliefs and try to change their minds.

My relationship with my family will never be the same, but I believe it is as good as it can be given the circumstances. Mormon women are taught from a very young age that their primary responsibility and greatest calling is to help ensure that their families end up together in the next life. Since I am no longer Mormon, my family believes that I will be separated from them after death, and that thought is something that my mother will never be able to overlook. From a Mormon perspective, it would have actually been better if I had died prior to leaving the Church. There may always be an unspoken wall between myself and my family, and while that makes me sad, I am pleased that we’ve come as far as we have.

Looking back, there are very few things that I would change about what I’ve been through. In the moments of darkness that accompanied my transition, I wasn’t sure that I would ever enjoy life. The only advice I would give to my past self would be to know that I will find a way to survive and that some day I will be happy.

Leaving Mormonism stripped me of my pride, put all of my secrets on display, and left me with nothing but my own will. I’ve gotten the chance to choose what kind of man I want to be and how I want to live my life. I’ve been able to do so in my youth, before I had, relatively speaking, all that much to lose. Not long ago, I was staying at a hostel in Washington, DC. It had a communal bathroom. I saw a man brushing his teeth at the sink, wearing the Mormon garment top. I asked, “Are you LDS?” “Yes,” he replied. “Are you?” “I used to be, actually,” I responded. He sighed and looked at the floor. Then, he spoke. “I envy you. I have been in Mormonism my whole life, but recently I’ve stopped believing. You have the fortune of being young — I have a wife, children, and grandchildren, and I work for the Church. I can’t leave because I would lose everything.” Meeting him reminded me of how fortunate I should feel for leaving Mormonism when I did.

I used to see the world in binary. If something wasn’t of God, it was of Satan. If someone wasn’t Mormon, it was because they were, at best, ignorant. I believed that I had access to absolute truth and knowledge, while the rest of the world had only pieces. I thought that I knew the right way to live and freely judged anyone who lived otherwise. I perceived anything that challenged my faith or choices as a threat to be ignored, avoided, or destroyed. If you weren’t us, then you were them, and they aren’t as good, righteous, intelligent, or blessed as we are.

I like to think that I now see the world as it truly is — messy, human, nuanced, and beautiful. No person, philosophy, or idea is without flaws, and I think that’s wonderful. I have yet to hear a moral or philosophical absolute that is completely logically sound. I have found that I favor virtue-based ethics, such as the four Aristotelian ethics of justice, temperance, courage, and wisdom — so long as each of the virtues is rooted in empathy and not considered an absolute. I find that, by distancing myself from moral absolutism, I’ve been able to find a deep peace.

Moving away from those absolutes has also caused me to move away from atheist activism. While I do consider myself an atheist, I’ve come to find that many of the loudest voices in the movement are also tone-deaf regarding how their messages will be received by the faithful. Having been raised religious, I know firsthand that people who are perceived to be hostile or aggressive toward faith are immediately shut out, marginalized, and ignored. Not only is it ineffective, but it can further entrench someone in their beliefs and reinforce the “us vs. them” mentality.

Despite shrill voices on either side of the theistic line, I believe that the world is slowly changing for the better. Civil rights for racial and sexual minorities are better now than they ever have been. Violent crimes are at an all-time low. As far as I can tell, each generation in the last 200 years has generally been more progressive, more accepting, and more tolerant than the last. In addition, morally absolutist religions have seen their numbers steadily declining, the Mormon Church included. I have hope for the future and hope for humanity. The more interconnected we are, the more we will develop our empathy and the less we will see the world as a matter of us vs. them.

IV.

______________

Jason Ball: You’re Not in Australia Anymore

“Recognize that the very molecules that make up your body, the atoms that construct the molecules, are traceable to the crucibles that were once the centers of high mass stars that exploded their chemically rich guts into the galaxy, enriching pristine gas clouds with the chemistry of life, so that we are all connected: to each other, biologically, to the Earth, chemically, and to the rest of the universe, atomically.

That’s kinda cool. That makes me smile. And I actually feel quite large at the end of that. It’s not that we are better than the universe. We are part of the universe. We are in the universe and the universe is in us.”

— Neil deGrasse Tyson

There are surely fewer greater cultural contrasts in the English-speaking world than that between Melbourne, Australia and rural Kansas. Jason Ball ventured from his relaxed hometown to the American heartland at age 17. What he experienced there would change the direction of his life.

Kansas was full of surprises. The Midwestern hospitality was very real and incredibly endearing. The religious lessons were also noteworthy and seemingly omnipresent. At the local youth group, he was taught that the Earth is 6,000 years old, that evolution is a myth, and that gay marriage should be opposed with strident intensity. He observed a society dominated by religion for the first time.

Jason then began an intellectual journey unmatched in his life after returning home from Kansas. Influenced by scientific books, Jason found his passion and his community, subsequently deciding to become an advocate for secularism.

I grew up in Australia, a relatively secular country. I don’t think religion was ever forced onto me. I was never even asked to consider it as a young child. The only time I thought about it was when I watched characters going to church on The Simpsons. I asked my mom, “How come we don’t go to church?” She said, “Well, you play football on Sundays and church is on Sundays, so what would you rather do?” I said, “That’s a pretty easy question.”

As I got older, I began to think that there was a God and that there was a heaven and hell. We had Christian religious instruction in my primary school, although no one took it all that seriously. I didn’t think I really needed to investigate whether or not it was true. To me, God was regarded much like Santa Claus or the Tooth Fairy.

I felt indifference toward religion up until I was 17 when I went on student exchange to the United States. I was placed in Kansas, which is the buckle of the Bible Belt. I thought I knew what America was like because of TV and movies, one monolithic culture. What I learned was that that wasn’t the case. I lived with a Catholic family in a very small town. They didn’t interact with a lot of people from outside their community and, thus, they hadn’t had a lot of experience with other worldviews. They lived in a bubble where they thought that people only thought like they did; if others didn’t, they had a really negative view of them.

There was quite a lot of racism and homophobia, even though the people were incredibly nice. Interestingly, it was one of the most welcoming environments I’ve ever experienced, and I absolutely loved it there. I could see that their entrenched views were something that was ingrained in the culture. I could forgive them for that a bit. If these people were born in the Middle East, then they would probably be Islamic. If they were born in India, they would likely be Hindu.

Everyone my age went to youth group and church. I was more than happy to go along. I had an open mind, and I was really interested in what they said and did. I used the excuse of ignorance and curiosity to question my peers. I would get rides to youth group from a friend. I remember that she asked, “Are you religious?” I said, “I went to an Anglican school, so I’m an Anglican.“ Then she asked, “Have you accepted Jesus Christ as your personal Lord and Savior?” Eyebrows raised, I said, “I don’t think so.”

I enjoyed going to religious gatherings because it was so fascinating. At the first youth group that I went to, the pastor got up and said, “The world is about 6,000 years old, and we know that as Christians.” I was pretty sure it was much older. Even my geography teacher suggested that fossils were planted to test humanity’s faith in God. That drove me to read a lot and get into debates about science and religion and whether God is real, whether the Bible is true. When I was in Kansas, in 2005, the state both introduced intelligent design into the biology curriculum and voted overwhelmingly to ban gay marriage. My experience there gave me a first-hand account of what can happen to a society when it truly takes religion seriously.

When I came back to Australia, I felt like the only person in my country who cared about secular values, defending science, and standing up against superstition. For one year in high school, I didn’t talk to any of my classmates about what was on my mind. I would go home in the evening and read on the internet; I was trying to figure out where I stood on certain issues. I openly read Christian books that my Christian friends were telling me to read.

Books that I read began to influence my own beliefs. The first book that began to shape my thinking about life on Earth was The Blind Watchmaker by Richard Dawkins. At the time, all I cared about was whether evolution was true. Daniel Dennett’s book Darwin’s Dangerous Idea also helped to explain that subject. Nature, I learned, is cruel, and I concluded that evolution is not necessarily irreconcilable with God, but it does seem to be irreconcilable with a loving God who has a purpose for human beings.

After high school, when I went to university, I got in touch with a couple students who were starting a secular society. I was on the founding committee, and at the beginning, we had a small group of about 30 students. This group became quite influential in my life. In 2008, we learned that the Pope was coming to Australia, subsidized to the tune of $150 million dollars by the government. I realized that we needed to speak out, so my club and I organized a rally. We called it “Youth Against World Youth Day” and received some national media coverage. We highlighted the Pope’s backward views on a variety of issues from homosexuality to condom use to women’s rights, promoting the idea of secularism, emphasizing that our state shouldn’t be funding his visit.

Because of my activism, I later got elected president of the secular society, and we grew quite a lot. I managed to get some funding from the Secular Party of Australia, which is the lone voice of secularism in Australian politics. With that money, we invested in merchandise and a big poster of the Flying Spaghetti Monster — the deity of the fictitious religion The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster — and some membership cards with the Flying Spaghetti Monster on it. I began to embrace the idea of ridiculing religion, and the group became antagonistic toward the religious clubs on campus. Over time, though, I changed and so did the direction of the club. I didn’t feel as though we were being productive. We wanted to engage with the students from the Christian Union and have respectful dialogue while standing up for the rights of nonreligious students and promoting science and secularism on campus. We ended up organizing a couple of debates with the Christian Union in which we invited guest speakers to come in and represent our viewpoints. We began to have really good and healthy discussions. I think the Christian clubs were actually keen that there were other kids on campus who actually cared about life’s big questions. We continued to grow, and our society now has 300 to 400 members.

While our group found respectful dialogue to be effective on campus, problems regarding religion persist in Australia. Some fundamentalist churches have taken advantage of the tolerant nature of my country. Over the past 20 years, churches have been able to work their way into public schools to give Christian classes during which they try to indoctrinate young children. They give children comic books about how God made the world and how Jesus loves them. The religious groups have been able to achieve such leverage by working out exemptions to various education acts that stipulate that public education should be secular. Groups like the Australian Christian Lobby don’t have a lot of members, but they can cite the amount of citizens who select “Christian” in the census, thus swelling the number of Australians who they claim identify with them. They like to appear as a big voting bloc so that politicians will take them seriously. Consequently, we have had a real lack of reform on issues like euthanasia, abortion, and gay marriage, where the laws that do pass are actually quite conservative even though opinion polls show that the majority of Australians support gay marriage, legalized abortion, and euthanasia.

I do, however, think that secular arguments are winning in Australia. We’re making a lot of progress every year. Secular activists are gradually raising people’s consciousnesses to issues and penetrating the mainstream press. We’ve been able to speak to people in the middle and get them on our side. The statistics indicate that there are a growing number of people who identify as not religious, atheist, or agnostic, which is very encouraging.

Secular organizations like the Center for Inquiry often say that the goal of their institution is to not exist. I think that’s right. I like that goal and hope to work to achieve it. One way to do so is to continue to grow the secular campus movement. Universities in society should be the hub of cutting-edge ideas and debate, the forefront of knowledge. I want students to be organizing on campuses and helping their peers to be aware of the secular movement so that they can come together to debate, learn, and contribute. I think that’s the future.

For me, coming to the realization that there’s probably no God was, at first, kind of scary. I felt isolation, loneliness, and meaninglessness. It was the writings of people like Richard Dawkins and Carl Sagan that saved me from depression. Their words inspired me to make the most of the life that I have, along with appreciating the wonder of science and the excitement of the pursuit of knowledge. They helped me get through that moment.

At first, I was really cautious about who I told that I was an atheist. Eventually, I told my parents. They’re now atheists as well. Over time, everyone I know learned that I’m an atheist. All of my friends have heard my perspective and know my beliefs. I’ve had only positive feedback from them.

I have great hope for the secular movement because of people’s current access to information. Today, even if they’re sheltered, individuals often accidentally come across information. I know quite a few people who stumbled across Richard Dawkins on Youtube and spent many weeks constantly watching atheist videos that changed their worldview. Free, instantaneous access to ideas — often new ideas — is changing the world.

I have found all that I have done with secular activism to be absolutely rewarding. It has given me so much purpose in my life. It motivates me and gives me meaning. Before my activism I didn’t have a passion. I was trying to figure out what I believed in, what I stood for. I now have something to stand up for. I feel like I’ve found my niche.

V.

______________

Ed Beck: Greeks, God and the Marine Corps

“Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able?

Then he is not omnipotent.

Is he able, but not willing?

Then he is malevolent.

Is he both able and willing?

Then whence cometh evil?

Is he neither able nor willing?

Then why call him God?”

— Epicurus

Irish Catholics tend to be both gregarious and feisty, like Ed Beck. Ed’s journey to atheism and secular activism was a gradual one. An Iraq war veteran, he was never particularly religious — Ed identifies himself as a former cultural Catholic. His life experience changed him from viewing religion first as harmless, then as an intellectual and cultural barrier to progress, and finally as downright dangerous and destructive.

After returning from Iraq and enrolling in college, Ed became impressed by the accomplishments of the historical Greeks. Their flourishing society, he found, had progressed philosophically and scientifically, only to be undermined and destroyed by dogma and superstition. The transformation that began to take place within him was, above all, invigorating: he found freedom of thought and commitment to objectivity both more fun and more honest. Everything in his life became a bit brighter.

Now that I’m telling my story, I’ll never be able to get elected. Sweet! I remember when I was a kid, the only time I would ever pray was when I was fighting with my parents. I would ask God to smite them.

Growing up, when my family went to church, my father never went. I never knew why. I found out recently that he was never a believer; I plainly never knew that. We probably went to church once a month, maybe every other month, and my mom always felt guilty about not taking me more frequently.

Catholicism was a cultural identifier for us. I was taught that if you’re Irish, you’re Catholic. You were never just Catholic. You were never just Irish. You were Irish Catholic. My grandparents were both second generation Americans; their parents were from Ireland, and they didn’t like Protestants, “those damn Orangemen.” Even though I went to church, I was never taught morality using the Bible; I never had religion held over my head. It was an identity thing, an orientation, that was all.

As I grew older, in high school, I didn’t pay much attention to religion. I thought, “It’s just a human thing, it’s probably not true wholesale, but there’s some value in it.” After high school, I joined the Marine Corps. I was stationed in Iraq and saw what religion and faith, to its fullest extent, can do to a society. In Iraq, there’s a lack of concern for the here and now, along with rife conspiratorial and supernatural thinking. That part of the world is so held behind, so hindered, because religion has such enormous influence over their culture. Secularism hasn’t really taken hold. Iraq is religiously expressive in an active way, and I frequently saw women in burkas. I couldn’t help but wonder what that country might be like if such a large portion of their citizens weren’t so concerned with the supernatural; perhaps there might be more passion to improve their country.

While I was in Iraq, I met a good friend, Jimmy, who was the first openly agnostic person I ever met. The discussions we would have were fantastic; his doubt was so enlightening to me, as apathetic as I was at the time. The conversations we would have sitting on top of our headquarters building burning down cigarettes were undoubtedly what began to open up my mind, so irreverently and so intuitively. The seeds that were planted during those chats undoubtedly led to my later ability to accept that religion was worth questioning, that it was fallible, that it wasn’t beyond reproach, and that, in total, it’s a harmful way of approaching the world and one another. From those rooftop discussions it was a cascade, one that only accelerated.

When I left the Marine Corps, in my first semester at community college, I began studying Western Civilization. My fantastic professor went to great lengths examining Greek humanism and the way in which the Greeks turned the tide of human thought. He explained how a cultural belief emerged that human beings could do good on their own, that there was inherent value and worth in being human. This was before Christ, and the Greeks progressed dramatically in philosophy and science, something that hadn’t been fully taught in my public school education. To that point, it seemed to me and to most people I knew that everything happened after the year zero, with Christianity being central to everything. The Greeks were religious to an extent, of course, but it was soap opera religion of very human deities. Greek humanism was paramount, with Greek rationality having an incredible cultural impact.

I began to realize that people simply don’t need religion or faith-addled thinking; 2,500 years ago people had created a fantastic, amazing society by relying on humanity and our abilities alone, before the onset of the dominance of religious and supernatural thinking during much of the Middle Ages, before the Dark Ages, when monotheism ran rampant. I began to believe that that idea — that humanity is capable of living prosperous, peaceful lives — is worth fighting for on its own. That concept is what turned me. I felt as though I had a clear modern distinction at that time as well, a distinction between objective rationality and the rampant faith and dogmatism of the Bush administration.

At that time I began reading two blogs, Throw Away Your TV and One Good Move. They saved me as I was falling out of any vague religious notions that I still had. They gave me ideas to cling to as I was finding my feet. I began feeling impassioned by both seeing how awful religion can be, how it does poison everything, and how much better the alternatives are. It was like an ignition — I can’t repeat that word enough. The dogmatic, supernatural, and faith-based thinking that religion encourages is bad, a combination of the worst of human cognition and psychology, both personal and social. With the information I had access to on the internet, the threat and the solutions became much clearer. I almost couldn’t help but have an activist’s view. I examined both sides of the religious argument and simply had to do something.

Losing my religion was never all that difficult personally though, I’m sure in part because my family was never really religious. In fact, it was invigorating to realize that secularism, rationality, and the scientific method and honest, doubtful philosophy are amazing ways to examine the world. It’s much more fun to appreciate science, appreciate philosophy, appreciate humanism, as haphazard as they sometimes are. Everything looked brighter to me after I began to adopt this mentality. It felt good to be intellectually honest. I love the spirit of inquisitiveness, philosophical argumentativeness, examining big questions without appeals to God, without retreating to the easy answer.

I’ve become an activist for secularism, and from my perspective, I think the movement at large needs to reconsider its tactics. I’ve learned a lot recently about the research that’s been done by Dan Kahan of Yale about the tactics of persuasion. I think it’s naïve to think that only rationality and the presentation of evidence wins people over. Simply making good arguments doesn’t change minds, our debt to the Greeks and their rationality be damned. If you want to change someone’s mind, you have to lead with emotion. Most people don’t really care whether what they believe is true or false. They care if it works for them, if it makes them feel good, if it is makes their worldview cohesive. People only care about the truthfulness of their beliefs if they’re suddenly hurt by the falsity of their convictions. If something is true but it hurts, people will deny that it’s true. If, for example, you’re talking about the problems of faith, in order to persuade people of your thinking, you should lead with examples of when faith-based thinking has led to suffering, human stories that trigger people’s empathy. Propagandists lead with emotion but never bother to back up their arguments with facts. They can’t. They lie. Secular activists can have both emotion and honesty, emotion and fact. We need to make sure to have our evidence and facts, but we also need to remember the importance of emotion when making our point. I don’t think that’s manipulation, I think it’s just being tactful, being honest in itself. On their own, Enlightenment principles often don’t work because people are rarely truly rational — instead people are always rationalizing. There’s no sin in recognizing that, no shame in admitting it. We’re apes!

This approach takes more effort. It takes more thinking. It takes being more respectful. It’s more like playing a symphony than it is like swinging a baseball bat. Often, secularists are lazy in arguments, especially during conversations with those on the other side who are so often blissfully wrong and lazy themselves. However, our side has to humbly understand a simple fact: to be religious and to rely on faith and dogma is just as human as being rational, being free thinking, and demanding evidence. Only one methodology, though, has proven itself to lead to correct, more productive, more predictive answers. Only one has proven itself as a good way, a successful way, of navigating the world truthfully.

Many in the secular movement don’t want to accept that we rationalists and doubters are a severe minority and that if we want to gain traction in our society, we must act with that understanding. We’re not going to get anything done unless we are wise and can build coalitions with the majority. We like to say that we’re 15-20% of the population. The hell we are. 2% to 3% of people in America will say that they’re an atheist, an agnostic, a skeptic, that they don’t believe in God. The rest of that 16%-17% nonreligious slice are deistic and New Age-y, they’re just not traditionally religious. That’s a good start, but not entirely “our side” as we like to believe.

While we have our problems, I do think that the secular movement is effective in bringing out the nonreligious, making a community, making people feel welcomed. People who are trapped in a religious family, especially high schoolers who feel trapped, are feeling better about coming out. They’re speaking up at their schools. Yet still, I think, in terms of affecting culture writ-large, the secular movement is not nearly as effective as we should be, could be, or think we are. Not even close.

Part of our collective problem is our strategy. Not long ago, I remember “Christian historian” David Barton was on The Daily Show, railing against the separation of church and state as he’s so wont to do. He began talking about how atheists are colluding to ensure that there is no faith in American public life — a claim beyond false, of course. Yet Stewart, without being taken aback or missing a beat, suggested that some people are just going to be jerks. This was such a great example of where Stewart, completely on our side regarding the separation of church and state, could not use effective language to argue against David Barton on this one issue — an issue about which Barton is both frankly wrong and clearly manipulative. The only word that Stewart needed to use was “neutrality.” Enforcing the separation of church and state by getting rid of the National Day of Prayer, by getting rid of school-sponsored prayer, is about neutrality. Simple. This is one word that works for damn near all of our issues and, if understood, it should — it will — appeal to everyone. Because we can’t get our message out effectively, we movement secularist-types are too often viewed as being as extreme as the religious right. The majority of Americans who are liberal and religious are going to make that false equivalency because we can’t control our message and our language. We’re marginalizing ourselves more than anyone else can, Fox News included.

The secular movement has to broaden itself. We have to reach back to the legacy of Greek humanism and especially the humanities, emphasizing a great respect for the liberal arts. This movement has to be about more than just science, logic, and the separation of church and state because, as wonderful as those things are, they’re not enough. We need to talk about the human tradition of literature and poetry. Nonreligious people, we need to explain, have pulled our noses from singular “holy” books and have become free to explore all books and all of life. We need to emphasize the emotion that goes hand-in-hand with such an approach to life, the terrifying and beautiful lushness of existence. We have the better way of kindling that feeling of transcendence, of discovering it, nurturing it, and expressing it. We have to emphasize the beauty and importance of doing so. We need to encourage people to keep looking as deeply as they can into their own existence, expressing wonder and amazement the whole time.

VI.

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Joe Bochinski: Consistency vs. Christianity

“Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior.

Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything.”

— Ephesians, 5:21-24

Peer pressure is a powerful force. In the ninth grade, in Warren, Michigan, it was Joe Bochinski’s turn to give himself to Jesus. A self-identified band geek, he, like many young teens, was searching for community. He was taken out of the crowd at a Baptist retreat and gave himself to the Lord.

His doubts grew as he began to learn about the differences between religions. Experiencing a fundamentalist megachurch for the first time — and watching his girlfriend’s father use Scripture to justify subjugating female family members — led to a crisis of faith. His education, particularly in science, led to what he describes as a liberating separation from religion. Knowledge fostered a growing self-confidence and a decreasing sense of fear. He began to consider that perhaps there is no judgmental, disapproving God watching over him.

I’ll start with my childhood. My parents weren’t particularly religious. They called themselves Catholic, but my dad’s pretty secular, and my mom doesn’t practice any religion. I was pretty much in the same boat. I called myself Catholic, but in reality, that identity was very superficial. As a child, my grandma had the biggest religious influence over my brother and me. She’s very devout. She didn’t ever push it on us, but she made an effort to take us to church as often as possible. In time, religion would come to the forefront of my life.

During high school I dated a couple of girls. One of them was devoutly religious. She was Baptist. We started dating my freshmen year of high school, and I went to her church’s youth group every Wednesday and sometimes on Sunday as well. At one point, after I’d been going to church with her for a couple of months, the church had a getaway for its teenage members. I went, and it was fun. There was a gymnasium set up with sumo suits, obstacle courses, and cool things for high school kids to do. After hours of running around and having fun, the adults brought the hundreds of students together. The tone changed dramatically. While sitting together in the bleachers, all of us listened to a sermon, and at one point, we were asked to close our eyes. The adult leaders asked everybody who hadn’t yet been saved to put up their hand. With my hand raised, I was plucked out of the crowd and taken into a one-on-one session with a pastor. The pastor started talking to me about beliefs and asked if I had any questions, and then we prayed together. I gave my life to Jesus. The pastors made me feel very excited, and it was a very positive emotional experience. Looking back, I didn’t truly realize what was going on. This getaway was a means to get converts.

I think I can understand why I was attracted to church and to religion generally. My desire to join that community was for social reasons, though I wouldn’t have said so at the time. It didn’t take much to convince me to embrace the community because I was rather naïve at the time. The church made me feel like I was a part of a group. The people were very friendly and welcoming. In high school, I was kind of a band nerd, and I didn’t fit in with most of the school. The church helped give me something that I was missing in my life.

After my first high school girlfriend and I broke up, I left her church, and after I started dating another girl about nine months later, I started going to services with her. She went to a big right-wing, non-denominational megachurch. They talked about politics from the pulpit, which I suspect put me on guard. I began to think critically about the messages of the church leaders. What they were preaching didn’t align with my understanding of what scientists now understand about the nature of reality.

Aside from my intellectual skepticism, I eventually found that my new girlfriend’s dad was emotionally abusive. There was a lot of yelling and fighting in their home. He used the Bible and religion to justify what he was doing to his family. In his mind, there was a breakdown in the world along gender lines. His son was the preferred child. The three women in the family, the girl I was dating and her sister, along with his wife, were secondary. He was able to sustain an abusive hierarchy because he was the sole breadwinner. That pissed me off. I had begun to see the dark side of religion and how people can use it to justify abhorrent behavior. Much later, long after we broke up, my now-former girlfriend contacted me to thank me for helping her resist her dad’s misogyny. She eventually escaped from that environment.

I continued to drift from church to church. I started talking with some of my high school friends about the religious beliefs I had learned at church. One of my friends was Protestant. I remember once we were talking about the sacrament. He mentioned that Protestants don’t actually believe that the cracker and the wine of a Catholic service literally turn into the body and blood of Jesus. I laughed it off at first and said, “Come on, nobody actually believes that. It’s symbolic.” Later, I talked with one of my other close Catholic friends and he insisted that they do, saying, “That’s actually what we believe.”

Still trying to find my place, during my freshman year of college I went to a local youth group called the Red Cedar Christian Fellowship. Their national affiliate is the InterVarsity Christian Fellowship. Having just moved to East Lansing to attend Michigan State University, I didn’t have many friends and was trying to build my social network. As I attended more and more sermons, it continued to be harder and harder to believe. One of my closest friends who often came with me to these services told me that he could tell I was conflicted about something as I sat through the sermons. There were meetings throughout the semester at which I could meet with the group leader to discuss “personal spiritual growth.” During one of these personal growth sessions, I tried to talk to the leader about the conflict I was feeling. He more or less tried to downplay my concerns. Shortly after that, I stopped going to the church group and started seeking other routes. After I left the youth group, many of the people I had previously been friends with no longer made an attempt to reach out to me. It felt like I had become a pariah because of my doubts.

As I continued seeking and struggling, I began to have a full-fledged falling out with religion and God. I discovered an Objectivist group on campus, though I found little satisfaction with their belief system. My second year of college was a difficult and formative time in my life. I lived on a floor in the dorms with a very religious RA and a bunch of his like-minded colleagues. He was a part of Cru, Campus Crusade for Christ. He was in charge of creating the decorative name tags that all students living in the dorms had on their doors. He used a crest of arms that had a phrase in Latin on it. One day while I was researching religion, I found out that the crest on my door had religious significance; it was a Christian Dominionist symbol. When I found out, I tore it off my door and decorated it with Darwin fish.

That was a really hard time in my life, particularly because I was concerned about how my changing worldview might impact my family. I was really worried about my atheism. Specifically, I was worried about upsetting my grandmother because of how close we are. She helped raise me while my parents were at work and when my mom went back to pharmacy school. I didn’t want her to find out that I had left religion because I didn’t want it to affect our relationship. I love her a lot. To this day, she still doesn’t know about my atheism.

Gradually, things began to get better in my life. I met a fellow student who was the first atheist I had ever met. We joined a small group on campus called the Freethinkers Alliance. I started going to their meetings. It was largely a philosophy club. I enjoyed it for the intellectual stimulation. I took on a leadership position on the board after attending for a year, and we built a successful group. At our apex, 50 people attended each of our meetings. We were very proud of that. The internet also really helped in that it pointed me toward books that would end up having a profound influence on me. I discovered Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris and Christopher Hitchens. Their writings helped me throw off religion and embrace science and philosophy.

Given the change that’s occurred within me, I can’t say that my values have changed much. I’ve always felt like I have a fairly strong moral compass, which, in reality, is probably the result of my secular upbringing. I sometimes jokingly say that my dad indoctrinated me in the ways of the Founding Fathers. He had me memorizing U.S. Presidents at the age of two, and he always encouraged me to seek the truth.

I remember first learning about the scientific method and evolution while I was in high school, still going to church. At the time, I didn’t really know what I believed. People at the churches I attended, particularly the right-wing church, would openly proclaim that they were anti-evolution. I’ve become more educated about evolution since then. It’s my personal belief that people shouldn’t ignore facts about the world, but rather that they should integrate them into it. I simply can’t reconcile evolution by natural selection and a belief in a personal, caring God.

Now that I have a firm naturalistic worldview, I feel very liberated. I have a large secular community now. Almost everyone knows that I’m an atheist. I feel like my self-confidence is actually a lot better now than it used to be. When I was religious, I had lingering questions. I wondered, “Am I doing something bad? Would God approve of this? Is God looking over my shoulder right now?” I really tried to fit in and didn’t want to rock the boat. The prescriptions that I was given from organized religion for being good are different from those that I now believe are necessary for truly being good. While I’m sure my worldview isn’t entirely consistent, it’s more consistent than it was. I feel a lot better, like I’m in control of my decisions, like I’m more of my own person.

VII.

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Rachael-Dawn Craig: Freedom from Fear

“Reason can wrestle with terrors — and overthrow them.”

— Euripides

Oregon megachurch minister Mary Manin Morrissey is credited with the following quote: “You block your dream when you allow your fear to grow bigger than your faith.” Rachael-Dawn Craig has had plenty of experience with both fear and faith, and as her story reveals, the two often merged. Raised with censored television, she saw what she believed to be faith healings, holy laughter, and an exorcism at Rock Church in Nova Scotia, Canada. Rachael recalls her childhood as one dominated by guilt and terror. She was scared of demons, taught to view any sexual impulse as a sign of impurity, and feared that by displaying a lack of religious devotion, she would allow her non-evangelical friends to burn in hell.

While she was quick to criticize science and defend her Christian faith during her early teens, Rachael’s curiosity eventually led her toward open religious skepticism. Because of her atheism, her mother kicked her and her brother out of their home when Rachael was 18, believing that they had become Satanic. She now, despite her upbringing, considers herself free from the fear of her childhood. As she says, “It’s nice not to be afraid all the time.”

My entire extended family is quite Christian, but the majority of my religious experiences come from my nuclear family when we were involved with an evangelical Southern U.S.-style church in Nova Scotia, Canada. My family — I have two siblings, a brother and a sister, along with a mother and father — moved to Nova Scotia when I was four years old. My parents were moderately religious before we started attending Rock Church.

My mom went to Bible college. My dad’s a mechanic and had gone to trade school. I think they liked that the church community took them in. There were different programs at the church in which my brother, sister, and I could participate. My father really liked the idea that he was going to be a part of miracles and believed that good things were going to come his way because of his participation in the church. It had a lot of Pentecostal elements to it, and my parents probably found that interesting and exciting.

The worship sessions were like rock shows. There was a lot of drama. My parents’ friends all went to this church as well; it was not long after we starting going there that we were going to church Sunday morning, Sunday evening, Tuesday night, and Wednesday night.

Church was quite intense. Speaking in tongues was a part of every sermon. Toward the end of each sermon, people would begin shaking and passing out. I was a child when I witnessed these things, and they had a significant impact on me. I thought I was seeing magic, seeing miracles. I went to lots of faith healings where people appeared to be healed by faith. The whole church would scream “Hallelujah!” and get really excited. I once witnessed an exorcism where a lot people were surrounding a woman, pushing her down, and rebuking her, calling the devil out of her. I also saw holy laughter, during which the entire congregation would erupt in dramatic laughing, spreading throughout the 2,000-person church.

We were pushed to give a lot of money to the church. My dad ended up losing a lot of his own personal finances. At one point, he was unemployed, and we lost our home. My parents couldn’t afford groceries. My dad spent the last money he had on a donation to a televangelist.

I don’t think my parents were able to realize how much that environment impacted my brother, sister, and me. The youngest memory I have of that church, and my brother and sister would say the same, is of my mind being dominated by fear. The messages of the church were always putting me down, making me feel guilty, making me feel afraid. One of the things that was really hammered into all of us at every age level, right from the time we were little, was the evangelical notion “Why didn’t you tell me about Jesus?” There was this strong idea in the church that we needed to constantly tell our friends about Jesus, trying to get them to more than just believe. Because if they were Catholic, that wasn’t good enough. The Catholics were going to hell. The Baptists were lukewarm. We were trained to be little evangelical missionaries.

I had a dream when I was six years old that friends of mine from grade school were burning in hell. In the dream, they called to me, asking, “Why didn’t you tell me?” I also dreamt about the Apocalypse and worried about the Rapture. At any given point during our childhood, if my brother, sister, or I couldn’t find other members of the family, we would worry that the Rapture had happened and we had been left behind because we weren’t good enough Christians.

Leaders in our church often talked about how, if we were real Christians, not only did we need to be telling everybody about Jesus, but we also needed to be ready to be tortured and killed for our faith. If somebody were to, hypothetically, put a gun to our head, we would need to say that we believed in Christ. That was really traumatizing, particularly as a small child.

Our church put on “Heaven’s Gate and Hell’s Flames” every year. That’s an evangelistic drama, a series of skits where different characters in it are unexpectedly killed. It’s a good example of how fear and guilt permeated the culture within the church. One of the scenes that I remember the most, which fit in perfectly with the dogma of the church, highlighted the evils of abortion. In the skit, there’s a girl who goes to a clinic to get an abortion. She is strapped down while she screams, yelling, “No! I don’t want an abortion anymore!” Doctors would then rip the baby from her womb as she screamed horribly. The character playing the devil would dance around and talk about how he loved killing little babies. The girl dies as a result of a complication with the procedure and is cast into hell. In another scene, there’s an atheist who dies, and when that character is pulled into hell, the whole church would roar with laughter. A hatred of atheism was commonplace in the church. I believe people there really accepted these scenes as truth. The church is still putting on these skits, with children watching.

I assume that my parents didn’t realize just how bad those experiences were for my siblings and me. I fully believed, for example, that demons were real. We frequently talked in church about demonic possession and demons coming into your house and attacking you in the night. My father reinforced this idea. He had what I believe now to be a hypnagogic episode where he felt that a demon was attacking him. I prayed to Jesus to protect me at night, and my brother and sister did the same. I was quite influenced by one particular Bible passage, Revelations 3:16, “So, because you are lukewarm — neither hot nor cold — I am about to spit you out of my mouth.” This drove my evangelism.

I think my church was also damaging to me regarding my sexuality. Their teachings were especially hard on women. We were told that we couldn’t hold hands with men. One of the things that was touched on in church, especially in youth group and Sunday school, is the idea that a girl’s body is a perfectly wrapped package for her future husband. That metaphor was used a lot. If you held hands, you were pulling the ribbon. If you kissed somebody, you were tattering the paper. Even seemingly innocent sexual acts were, in fact, acts that were sullying yourself for your future partner, and who would want that? Who would want a gift with the bow removed and the paper tattered? Nobody.

Human sexuality was never discussed in a positive light. If anyone began to behave sexually, we were taught, their actions would lead them on a downward slope that would lead to wanting more and more and more. Such behavior would lead to pornography, which might lead to murder. Not only did I have to be pure, but I was told that if I was sexual at all, there was a chance that I would end up raping children. That was pretty damaging for us as kids, so much so that my brother has made art about it as a way to try to work through what he had been taught. He has had to try to deconstruct ideas in his head so that he can try to have a normal human sex life. I was 24 before I got over a lot of that, and I think many of my peers in the church had similar experiences. It takes a lot to stop feeling shame and fear for perfectly healthy behavior.

Still, during my youth, I did always feel like I had a relationship with God. I felt like He was listening to my every thought. Did I love it? I probably would have said that I did at the time, but I also didn’t know a different life. There was a degree of love. I think the philosopher Daniel Dennett is right that religions are human systems that are designed to provide love and attachment to sustain membership and group cohesion. I didn’t understand how there could be a world with love or beauty without God. I am, however, a curious person, which is eventually what began my break from the church.

Losing my faith was unique in that it happened suddenly. One of the aspects of being a teenager in my church was attending training sessions to prep for having evolution taught in school. At the time, I believed that the Earth was less than 10,000 years old. I believed that dinosaurs were on Noah’s Ark. I had been given pseudoscientific explanations for these beliefs. The literature that I read was always Christian, and I thought it came from authority. I decided not to take biology in high school because I thought biologists were stupid. I did, however, take a class on ancient history. We briefly covered evolution. I argued with my teacher, and every now and then, he said things that I hadn’t heard about. I wanted to have really good arguments to disprove the theory of evolution, so I would go online to see what evolutionists were arguing to defend their position. I wanted to come up with even better arguments. I found some websites written by secular humanists and atheists that debunked creationism; they were persuasive. I didn’t understand all of the specifics right away, but I soon realized that I had a problem because some of what I had taught at church wasn’t true.

I was shocked, and my beliefs changed almost immediately. Many people claim that you choose what you believe, and sometimes that’s true, but that’s not always the case. I had a philosophy professor in university who, as an example, showed us quarter and put it in his pocket and asked, “Does anyone not believe that I have a quarter in my pocket?” It was very hard to believe that he didn’t. I think that’s very similar to how my beliefs about religion and God changed. There was simply no denying that I had been grossly misinformed. I had many cascading problems from the way I had understood God and the authority of my church.

At the same time, I was also reading a lot of Paul in the Bible because I was reading daily devotionals. I was having a difficult time with how hard Paul is on women. For example in 1st Timothy 2:12, he says, “I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent.” A lot of the misogynistic lines in the Bible, in the New Testament, come from Paul. Doubts began as I started to learn about evolution, and Paul only added to that doubt. I was really scared, too scared to tell anyone.

I stopped talking to people. My parents mentioned that I had become very quiet. I stopped going to baptismal classes, and I didn’t tell anybody why. I didn’t want anyone to know what I was going through because I didn’t want to shake anyone else’s faith. I was hoping to find a way around my doubts. Finally, I talked with my brother. We’re good friends and have gone through a lot together. Within a year, we both became atheists.

We concealed our atheism from our parents for many months. Eventually, my brother outed both of us. He bluntly told them, “Rachael and I are atheists.” Eventually, my mom snapped, and we were kicked out of our home. Our getting kicked out was the culmination of many arguments. For months, we had been regularly challenging them on their faith. My mom had the police come to our house, and she accused us of being Satanic. The police actually felt quite badly for my brother and me, but there wasn’t a lot they could do because my parents owned the house, and I was 18 years old.

At first, my brother and I left and stayed with different people. We got an apartment in Halifax and realized that life was a lot better once we no longer needed to spend most of our day getting into family fights. In time, my brother and I had talked with our parents. Our disagreements with them pushed a lot of conversations that ended up being really productive. As tough as they were, they began to listen to us. In time, I know my mom in particular felt really stupid, and I suppose my dad did at times as well. We were able to lay religious arguments out for them and show them that what the church was teaching didn’t add up.

Since that time, my mom has mellowed out. She now has a spiritual but nonreligious take on life. My dad is still fairly Christian but has become less intense as well. Their atheist stereotypes are gone. Originally, when my mom found out that my brother and I had become atheists, she thought that we must be sex-crazy, into drugs, that we would become alcoholics. She was worried about us being gay and that we would find no meaning in life. She now understands that my brother and I are good people and that we still care deeply about others.

Prior to us coming out as atheists, my mom felt that it was impossible not to believe in God. In her mind, as she was taught, everyone who says that they don’t believe in God is angry, hiding something, or immoral. There is, the church said, no such thing as a real atheist. We have shown our parents that that’s not true. While she still goes to church sometimes, when people now bash atheists and talk about them being immoral or dishonest, she’ll actually take them to task and ask, “Do you know any atheists? Because all three children of mine are.” I’m proud that she can stand up to people in her church, as well as to our extended family. I’m proud of her for coming that far. I think my parents are much healthier people now. I think that’s pretty cool.

When I became an atheist, I started to talk to other people my age who had grown up in my church. Some of them told me that they had known that what we were being taught wasn’t true. Some people didn’t take the church’s messages with same level of seriousness that I had. In my childhood, TV was censored. I spent most of my time at church, and when I was there, I saw what I believed to be acts of the supernatural. My parents believed it. Their friends believed it. In my mind, that was the whole world. I think it’s basic human psychology to accept what your community tells you when you’re that young.

One of the things that I realized the more I moved away from religion was that I had a huge reduction in anxiety and huge differences in my thoughts and my behavior. I began to realize that I didn’t have to be afraid of the dark. That sounds silly to say now, but my atheism took that fear away. Becoming educated took away the demons, the fear of the Rapture. Now, instead of getting into a hyper-vigilant state and saying, “Who is it?” when I hear a noise in the night, now I look for other causes and realize that it may just be the house settling.

I think most of my personal problems that developed because of my church are now gone. It took a long time, close to 10 years. For me, actually meeting other atheists helped me a lot during my transition. What I found was that the more I was able to express certain ideas out loud, the more I realized that the world wasn’t going to fall apart because I had done so.

Reading also helped. I read Plato and the classics. I also wanted to understand the history of the Christian religion. I read the Epic of Gilgamesh and started to piece together the historical roots of the Bible. I learned about psychology and realized that when my dad thought that he had fought a demon, he was probably experiencing a well-understood psychological episode. I began to realize that perhaps a whole congregation engaging in bizarre laughter isn’t quite as magical as it at first seemed to me.

I was thinking about myself the other day, wondering, “What’s still left? What kind of damage do I still have from this?” I had a long haul, and I think perhaps the only thing that I still have is that I expect to work too hard for little compensation — the “turn the other cheek” idea, a willingness for masochistic sacrifice that I think the church instilled in me. Overall, though, I think it’s cool that I’ve been able to remove so many negative beliefs from my brain.

I think that the atheist movement is highly important, even though now that I’ve come so far, I often feel as though I’ve lost touch with how negatively my religion affected me. I would like to see a lot more focus on critical thinking, including more self-criticism, within this new leaf of atheism. I think it’s really healthy for us to self-criticize as well as support each other and our ideas. I’ve been trying — and I hope that the idea catches on — to reach out to ex-Muslims. Many of them are scared to show up to an atheist meeting. I think others in the movement need to be aware that there are a lot of people who have had much scarier experiences than a lot of us have had. They really need support and people to talk to. That could potentially be important in dealing with some of the problems that we currently face with moderate Islam trying to censor free speech, while simultaneously addressing how intolerant more radical forms of Islam are.

Overall, I’m really glad that we have a strong movement now and that there are a lot of conversations taking place, many of which should advance the human species. I see us helping as humanity begins to explain neuroscience and the biology of morality, something that I think is really important for both atheism and for science. It’s crucial for people to understand that a natural worldview can indeed comment on morality, that we really can have important scientific things to say about ethics and how we ought to live. There’s a lot more to be said, and it’s exciting that a lot of work is happening in that area.

I hope that the atheist movement can contribute to influencing worldwide culture as well. One of the big intellectual problems that people have regarding a global conversations about morality derives from an idea that comes out of multiculturalism, the idea that everything’s relative, that one culture is relative to another culture, that what’s right for one culture is okay and what’s right in another culture is okay as well. I like the quote “It’s not relative because we’re all relatives.” We all fundamentally have the same neurobiology. That fact doesn’t make answering moral questions easy, and it doesn’t mean that humans will ever have a science of morality that will be able to address every conceivable moral question, but I think some things are fairly obvious. For example, most people understand that morality entails doing well for other people as well as for yourself, encouraging human flourishing. If that is true, then we know that empowering women, having women working, having women as an integral, participating force in culture is always better for a society’s overall happiness. If people want to change circumstances in a Third World country where there is a low quality of life, for example, they should educate and empower women. Pretending that that’s a relative statement when faced with so much evidence to the contrary is, I believe, fairly immoral. I don’t think that people will ever be able to say that there’s one best way for all societies and cultures to be organized, but that’s irrelevant as to whether or not we can answer some moral questions. We need to begin speaking about what’s best for a society from, at least in part, a neurobiological and evolutionary perspective.

Life is far better for me now. I’m a much more powerful person than I was, as are my parents. They’re more liberated because my brother and I have pushed them to read and become more educated. For my mom, living with fear, guilt, and magical thinking was not good for her. I’ve been able to do a lot more with my life and my career than I would have if I had hung on to the religious ideas of my youth, although I do wish they hadn’t taken up so much of my life. It would have been better not to have had to go through all that, but since I did, I’m glad that I’ve come out on top. It’s nice not to be afraid all the time.

VIII.

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JT Eberhard: Evangelical Activism

“I want to live my life taking the risk all the time that I don’t know anything like enough yet, that I haven’t understood enough, that I can’t know enough, that I’m always hungrily operating on the margins of a potentially great harvest of future knowledge and wisdom. I wouldn’t have it any other way.

And I’d urge you to look at those of you who tell you at your age that you’re dead until you believe as they do. What a terrible thing to be telling to children: that you can only live by accepting an absolute authority. Don’t think of that as a gift, think of it as a poisoned chalice. Push it aside however tempting it is. Take the risk of thinking for yourself. Much more happiness, truth, beauty, and wisdom will come to you that way.”

— Christopher Hitchens

Shy youth from Arkansas don’t generally jumpstart their professional careers by attacking religion in the Bible Belt. But that’s just what JT Eberhard did, and he’s damn happy he did so. After a proselytizing high school teacher convinced him to commit himself to evangelical Christianity in his mid-teens, JT finally read the Bible. He was an atheist by the time he was finished. Shortly thereafter, he read Sam Harris’s The End of Faith, which convinced him of the dangers of religion and that activism against its influence was necessary to create the kind of world in which he wanted to live.

What began as joke — drawing Flying Spaghetti Monster emblems on the sidewalks of Missouri State University — has progressed into a purpose-driven life. He has helped organize multiple Skepticons, the largest annual secular convention in the Midwest, is a frequent religious debater, and has worked at the Secular Student Alliance as America’s only organizer of secular high school groups.

I grew up in Arkansas in a secular household. My father’s an atheist. My mother, while I was growing up, was a very light deist. I became a Christian when a couple of my teachers proselytized to me in high school. It is understandable that I would have an interest in religion because I was a socially awkward kid, and joining a religion was a quick way to make friends. My sophomore year in high school, I converted. My parents weren’t thrilled, but they never told me that. They have always nudged me to form my own path.

I was invested in all the things that Christians tend to be invested in: going to church, trying to convert people. I was like most religious people, completely unaware of its theology. Bill Keller Ministries has confirmed that about 10% of Christians have actually read the Bible. Even though I was a practicing Christian, I had never read the Bible, yet I thought that it was the authoritative guide to faith. At one point, I attended a meeting of Promise Keepers, a huge, very anti-gay rights, “fundegelical” convention in Tennessee. I often pulled arguments off of the internet on subjects about which I had very little comprehension and regurgitated them to people. I certainly believed that I was right and that I had a personal relationship with God.

Mostly, I was a guilt-ridden Christian, especially regarding sex. I tried to be pure and felt guilty when I couldn’t be. I was convinced that non-Christians were going to hell, so I always asked myself, “What can I do to save them?” I think that urge is what inspires a lot of Christian activism. The problem is that that notion tends to be able to twist good intentions in some very evil ways.

Actually reading the Bible certainly changed my mind about religion and Christianity. I turned over the last page and thought, “I don’t believe any of this.” I very, very quickly went through all phases of religious de-conversion, from Christian to strong deist to weak deist to agnostic to atheist. At the time, I didn’t even know the terminology. In a matter of a couple of months I went through all of them. For a while, I was searching for another God. Quite quickly, though, I realized that other religions are all, fundamentally, bullshit.

When I lost my faith, there were three emotions at work. I began to realize all of the harm that religion causes in the world, so the first emotion was anger that any force on Earth could produce so much badness. I also had anger at other people for letting religions slide, for not being more informed. That led to the second emotion that I felt, which was guilt over the things that I had done and said as a Christian. The third emotion was compassion for those who had been and were being harmed by religion. If religion never caused suffering, I wouldn’t care about it. For me, losing my religion was like taking off a wet, sweaty shirt. I wanted to get it away from me.

I still had commitments to values and ideas, but I began to no longer have such an emotional attachment to them. If someone beat me in an argument, it didn’t matter to me because I became less emotionally attached to my beliefs. I became emotionally attached to the truth, so I enjoyed changing my opinion. When I found out that I had been wrong about religion, I was glad to have one more thing figured out.

When I first became an atheist, I wasn’t particularly outspoken. It was Sam Harris’s The End of Faith that made me become a vocal atheist. The whole book was written in an accessible way. It was written for people like me to understand. There was one sentence in particular in that book that stuck with me, and I use it repeatedly because it convinced me that I needed to openly speak my mind. Paraphrased, it says, “We live in an age when someone can have both the resources and the intellect to construct a nuclear weapon and still think he’ll receive paradise for detonating it.” That hit me hard.

After I read that book, I had an intense emotional reaction. I feel like I have a fairly strong sense of justice, and I realized that there was no greater threat to justice than religion. So, as a compassionate person, I wanted to do something about it.

In college, I started to get involved in atheist activism. My friends and I started drawing Flying Spaghetti Monsters on our campus, and at one point we were stopped by a campus security guard who asked, “Are you part of a campus organization?” I lied and said, “Yeah, absolutely!” He asked, “Which one?” Because I have an appreciation for stupid humor, I said, “College Republicans.” He bought it. The group decided that if we were going to continue to be active on campus, we would need to create an organization so that we wouldn’t get in trouble. All we needed to create an organization were constitutional bylaws, five members, and approval from the student government. So we got five people, we filled out the paperwork, and our official group recognition passed student government by three votes. Over time, the group would grow exponentially.

We were out to amuse ourselves, and because we were amusing ourselves, we amused others, too. People like laughing. At the beginning, we weren’t part of any national movement, so if we were impolitic, no one cared. We were only out for ourselves. When groups form in college, they tend to immediately affiliate with the SSA or CFI, organizations that have prescribed ways to run groups. But since we didn’t know about the national secular organizations, we were flying by the seat of our pants. What we did differently than most other groups is that we had a philosopher king setup, with one person who made all the decisions. It worked really, really well. There was no bickering amongst the officers. If something needed to get done, we just did it.

One of my major goals in becoming an activist was to change people’s minds. I know what it feels like to be religious, but I also know that religious people can change. I was as closed off as anybody at the height of my religiosity, so I’m familiar with what happens in the brain of someone who is meeting atheistic arguments for the first time and doesn’t want to accept them. Some people try to close their brains. I’ve been in that position, and even though I tried to do so, I couldn’t. Once the worms got inside, there was nothing I could do, which is the way the mind works. We don’t choose our beliefs. Our beliefs are formed by the information that is in our brain. One can climb up to the top of a building and try to convince oneself by force of will that gravity doesn’t work, but you’ll never be able to do so. Our minds are reality-producing engines, so once ideas get into someone’s head that destroy their belief in God, even if they say, “No, no, no, I’m not listening,” the ideas are in there. There’s nothing they can do about it. I was the same way. Once they got in there, I was done. It was just a matter of time.

In a way, this is why I believe atheists can be successful in the long run. I bump into a lot of atheists who express awe that we can make it look easy to beat all of the illogical arguments that religions and religious leaders make in debates. People think that theologians really do have good arguments, that it must take some towering intellect to beat them. I think most atheists also felt that way until they started watching other atheists win religious debates online. Atheists began to think, “That argument was easy. I never thought about that argument, but it’s so simple. These religious ideas are dumb, and I just never saw it.” Human beings have a herd mentality. If we see a bunch of people running away from something, we also run, even though we may not necessarily know why. People who act boldly and speak with confidence, like the world’s most revered religious leaders, assure people that there’s no chance that they’re wrong about their beliefs, and people tend to believe them.

I personally think that the best way to change someone’s mind about religion is through confrontation, by telling people unashamedly and without apology that what they believe is wrong. I think this way for a couple reasons. The first is that when we appear strong, that influences people. We have every right to appear strong, which is what separates us from the religious. We have all of the evidence, all of the reason, all of the logic on our side. More people are beginning to understand that fact. As more young people come out of the closet, secular organizations like the SSA and CFI are providing warm environments for people to know that they’ll still be loved and supported. As more people are coming out, more people are realizing that not only do they know atheists, but that they like atheists, too. That has a powerful effect. It’s easy to say that atheists are the cause of all things evil when people are not faced with them. But when your child or your parents or your friend or your lover comes out and says, “I don’t believe in God,” all of a sudden there’s a human face on that identity. That is happening right now.

I’ve been incredibly interested in helping the secular movement continue to grow, and I was fortunate to be hired by the SSA after I graduated from college. It was quite interesting for me to hold my job organizing high school secular groups at this point in time. In my experience, many high schools do not want freethought or atheist student clubs and therefore try to stonewall them. Usually it’s juniors or seniors who are trying to start these clubs. The most popular tactic is that administrations will ignore the students, delay and drag their feet and wait for the student to either lose interest or graduate. If the students don’t lose interest or graduate, the administration will generally say that they require all clubs to have a willing faculty advisor. They then ask the student to find one. I’ve had plenty of teachers admit to me in confidence that they were going to be the faculty advisor for such a club but were told that it would be a bad career move by higher authorities in their district. We have solutions to these problems: even if a teacher can’t or won’t come forward as a faculty advisor, legally the school can’t require the groups to have one.

As an organizer, I had access to an army of pro bono legal advisers. Every time something went wrong in high schools, I could message them and ask, “What is your take on this?” They’d advise me, and I’d tell the student what to do. Countless times the law has come down on the side of secularism in government institutions like high schools. Sometimes high school administrators would cave. Other times, they were dying to be sued. And anytime administrators would try to drag their feet, the students could call me, and I would contact that administrator and put the fear of God into them.

Overall, the secular movement is growing at a rapid rate. A couple years ago, the SSA had 60 to 80 groups. Now, they’re up to 350. All reliable polling indicates that religion is on the decline in America, particularly in the 18-29 age bracket. The 18-29 age bracket makes up roughly 22% of the overall population, but has roughly 30 to 31% of all atheists. This group is the future.

The SSA’s conferences and large gatherings help to replicate the community that churches have used to their advantage for centuries. I attended several conferences as a member of the SSA, and when students left them, they did so with a fire lit for activism. They’d want to go out and change everything because they’d met so many like-minded people and felt support, like they had an army at their back.

While I have my personal approach to confrontation, I do think that, on occasion, even super nice atheists who never want to criticize anybody, who just want to show people that atheists can be kind, every now and then they are effective too. I think they’re much less effective than the people who are creating a harsh environment for religion, though. Right now, I think that one of the reasons that a lot of people are religious is because it’s comfortable. One thing that we can do to change the status quo is to try to take that religious comfort away. Today, a religious person, a Christian, for example, can go into the public square and spout ludicrous religious ideas. There really is a part of the social rubric that prohibits public criticism of those ideas. I want to live in a world in which religious people check themselves and think, “If I open my mouth and say things that I can’t defend, is somebody going to call me on this? Is someone going to socially punish for me doing that, am I going to look like an idiot?” That’s something that the confrontationalists are doing that is making a huge difference. I think they’re really effective.

To me, I don’t think that Richard Dawkins is any more valuable to our movement than a car mechanic who comes out to his family. There are a lot of people who would disagree with me on that. Dawkins’s role is certainly more prominent, but we’re all a part of the movement with different roles. I’ve accepted that public speaking is part of my role, so I do it. Even though I’m a shy person, and public speaking exhausts me, it needs to be done. Frankly, I think I have one of the easier roles in the movement as a debater.

Despite my beliefs and activism, I do recognize that religious people generally do have good intentions. Most of the time, they want people to suffer less and be happier, same as me, same as anybody else. We’re a social species. The question that needs to be asked, then, is the following: if so many religious people want to have a positive influence on the world, then why is so much evil done by religion? Good people doing evil must be at play. I have realized that it’s people’s inaccurate convictions about the operation of the universe that are the root cause of the problem. With that insight, one can understand how parents who have a sick child with a completely curable illness can wind up praying their son or daughter to death instead of going to the doctor, something that happens almost monthly in the United States. It’s not that these parents didn’t love their child, it’s not that they didn’t want their child to get better as much as any other parent, they just had bad ideas about how to help the situation. There’s only one institution in and of itself that tells people not only that it is okay to hold bad ideas about the way the world works, but that they must hold on to those bad ideas as a matter of faith and principle. This strikes me as a recipe for a tremendous amount of suffering. Because I see this reality, there is nothing for me to do but pull out the claws and fangs against religion, which is what I have wound up dedicating my life to.

It’s interesting for me to try to understand this point in time from a historic perspective. If one looks at any study that’s tracked the religiosity of the United States, they will realize that the U.S.’s religiosity goes in waves. What I can say with confirmable certainty is that the atheists and the secularists are growing at a clip that is unprecedented in any era.

Information is anathema to religion, which is in large part why I think the secularists are currently winning the battle of ideas. We live in an age with the internet. Information is out there. There was a time when, if someone wanted an answer to a religious question, a person went to a pastor or a priest. No longer is that the case. Everybody is beginning to learn about the moral monstrosities that are in the Bible. That understanding could create a permanent skid in our direction. If we ever get to a point where religion is eradicated or marginalized to a point where it’s not a threat anymore, where it’s not harming anyone, I would view that as a victory.

I love what I’m doing with my life. If, for some reason, I wind up as a shoe shiner sometime later, I will still be a secular activist. As long as religion exists, as long as the idea exists that we should be proud to hold bad beliefs, indefensible beliefs, I will be opposing them.

IX.

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Damon Fowler: Ostracism in Bastrop

“I do spend probably a little bit more time than I should on religion, and I have a certain amount of hostility to it. I think the most rational reason for it is because of the harm that I see it does…

Many people do simply awful things out of sincere religious belief, not using religion as a cover the way Saddam Hussein may have done, but really because they believe that this is what God wants them to do, going all the way back to Abraham being willing to sacrifice Isaac because God told him to do that.

Putting God ahead of humanity is a terrible thing.”

— Steven Weinberg

Given the location of his upbringing, Damon Fowler wasn’t a likely candidate to be featured in this book. Damon grew up in a poor, rural section of Louisiana. He always had plenty of questions about Christianity and no one around him to talk to about his skepticism. In high school, he defied his family when he spoke out about a long-standing graduation prayer. He worked with the Freedom From Religion Foundation, and his school was persuaded to remove it from the ceremony.

The day after graduation, Damon came home to find that his parents had thrown all of his possessions out on the lawn. He moved in with his brother in Texas, trying to restart a life that he had hoped would include college and a career in animation. Hearing about his story, “The Friendly Atheist,” Hemant Mehta, another subject in this book, set up a scholarship drive for Damon on his website. It raised over $30,000. Despite his hardships, Damon doesn’t regret his activism and is grateful for the incredible generosity he has received from the secular community.

I was born in Louisiana and grew up in the city of Bastrop. I went to various Assembly of God and Baptist churches throughout my youth. I was forced to go to church twice every Sunday and on Wednesday as well. I have two brothers and two sisters, and they were put through the same thing. I grew up in a fundamentalist Christian family. When I was younger, I never knew nonreligious people and was always taught to view other religions negatively. I was told that atheists were bad people, that they steal and do drugs.

I never read the Bible, like almost all other Christians in Louisiana. When I actually learned about some of the things that were in it, such as passages where God commands people to kill everyone, including children and livestock, that was very disturbing to me. I was baffled at how other people didn’t find that troubling, too.

The first time that I accepted Jesus into my heart was when I was four years old. When I was five, my mom remarried, and my step-dad came into my life. He was pretty religious, and he got even more religious when he married my mom. I think they played off of each other’s religiousness. They began praying more often, reading the Bible, and going to church together. They believed that Christianity would influence God to give them money, even though they didn’t know how to maintain or manage their finances. Their religiosity got more intense over the years. I think my mom was mentally unstable; she probably still is. My step-dad has always been rather gullible and often believes what other people tell him without thinking about anything on his own. In retrospect, it seems that Christianity was a crutch because we were a very poor family. I think my parents used religion for hope.

I remember being pressured into being a Christian during my entire childhood. I was constantly asked if I knew Jesus. I didn’t want to say no because if I had, I thought that I would be punished. Church sermons were always torturous for young people. Preachers would constantly say that we would burn in hell for eternity if we did certain things or had certain thoughts. Even though I was questioning religion, the church had a pretty big impact on me. I thought religion might be stupid, but I also thought that there was a possibility that it was true, that I might burn in hell if I didn’t believe in it.

My family and I always went to two different churches. One is called Assemblies of God, which is in Sterlington, Louisiana, and the other is Trinity Assembly of God in Bastrop, Louisiana. The churches seemed very much like cults. If my family stopped going to church or missed one Sunday, members of the churches would start calling us to try to find out what was wrong. They were very involved with everyone’s personal lives and tried to tell everyone how to act and how to live. One preacher would often give examples of things that kids might be doing and say with certainty that their behavior was the result of the devil. He also believed that Harry Potter was witchcraft. It was very difficult to watch because people in the church would take anything the preacher said and apply it to their lives without question.

As I aged, I became more openly skeptical of Christianity. A couple years ago, the church I attended got a new youth pastor. I asked him, “Did God make cancer?” He said, “The devil made cancer.” I asked, “Why does God allow the devil to have so much dominion over something that He made?” He replied, “God has mercy on the devil.” Unsatisfied, I asked, “What happens when a Christian gets cancer? Does that happen because they don’t believe in God enough?” He said, “No, getting cancer just happens sometimes.” I said, “If you look in the Bible, it says that if you pray, then your prayers will be answered. What if someone’s praying to be cured of cancer and then they die of cancer?” He couldn’t answer that question.

I began trying to look up answers to those hard questions on the internet and in books. I started researching the arguments of theists and atheists, and it always seemed to me that atheists had better arguments, better explanations. In secrecy, I bought The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins. I told my mom that I was going to go to church one Wednesday and drove to a neighboring town to purchase it. I had to hide the book while I was reading it, as it was viewed as evil propaganda in my community. I found the arguments within it very compelling.

I came out as an atheist in October of 2010. While I wouldn’t run around saying that I didn’t believe in God, if someone asked me, I would tell the truth. When people found out, they would often ask if I worshipped Satan. I would reply by saying, “If I don’t believe in your imaginary friend, that doesn’t mean I worship your imaginary friend’s enemy.” Being an atheist is virtually unheard of in Bastrop. My real friends tried to be understanding.

I began to become more comfortable with my identity. I started putting bizarre but largely unknown Bible verses on Facebook. One that I put up was Ezekiel 23:20: “There she lusted after her lovers, whose genitals were like those of donkeys and whose emission was like that of horses.” Somebody asked, “Where did you get that? That’s not in the Bible.” I said, “Go look it up.” They did, and they became angry.

When my parents finally found out that I was an atheist, my mom wouldn’t talk to me. My step-dad yelled at me and said, “I thought I told you not to become too smart for God.” They punished me by cutting off my phone and grounding me until I apologized. Then, to try to reconvert me, they forced me to go to a weeklong Christian retreat called The Ramp in Alabama.

I was a full-blown atheist at this point. While I was at the retreat, I had a “Matrix” feeling, like I was the only person who was actually awake, that everyone else was living in a widespread delusion. The leader there was very anti-gay. He made people come to the front and pray if they had ever had one homosexual thought. From what I saw, the true objective of The Ramp seemed to be trying to make people apologize for being human. It was a more offensive version of what I had seen in the documentary Jesus Camp. That experience was the death of anything religious that I had left in me. I knew that I didn’t believe in God, and I became very hostile toward religion.

After I got home, my mom and I would frequently get into religious arguments. She gave me a book, Why God Is Real. I knew that that was a desperate attempt by her to try to make me Christian again. It didn’t work.

Around this time, I remembered that there had been a prayer at my sister’s high school graduation. We attended the same school. The prayer had been a part of the ceremony for a long time. I was aware of a law that stated that there can only be a brief moment of silence at graduation, not a state-sponsored prayer. I decided to tell the school that the prayer was unconstitutional. I wrote an e-mail to my superintendent and said, “I am an atheist, but that has nothing to do with this issue.” I made my point by stating that the prayer was wrong and illegal, that not everyone is of the Christian religion or believes in the Christian God. I told him that I would call the ACLU if a prayer was read. He forwarded the e-mail to all the school’s teachers, and because I had included my name in the e-mail, any teacher that I had ever had in that high school knew that I was trying to stop the prayer. I’m pretty sure that drastically changed their opinion of me. Up to that point, I don’t think any of them knew that I was an atheist.

The school did agree to stop the prayer. When people found out that I was the one responsible for it, some people began to talk about me, saying that they were going to beat me up. I received indirect death threats. My family thought that I was mentally unstable for doing what I did.

As the day of graduation approached, the local newspaper wrote, hilariously, that there would be increased security due to the outrage of atheists across the nation. At the ceremony, a lot of people were looking at me as if I was evil, and I was scared. I took my place in line, and the person in front of me was hinting that there would be a fight after the ceremony. When I received my diploma, a person in the bleachers yelled, “Jesus still loves you!” and was escorted away by police.

The Freedom From Religion Foundation, which I communicated with during this whole ordeal, was a big help. They asked the school to have increased security for me. At the ceremony, we were supposed to be lined up in alphabetical order, but school administrators decided that I should graduate last because I had missed a graduation practice due to threats of violence that had been made against me. The FFRF helped me regain my alphabetical place in line. They advised me to leave graduation as soon as I could. As soon as I was allowed to leave, I did.

The day after graduation, I came home and found that my parents had thrown all of my personal belongings outside of my house. Some of my things had been stolen, and the house was locked. I took what I could, put everything in a car, and drove to my brother’s house in Texas. What they did — kicking me out, abandoning me — was the worst thing that they could have done. Before this, I had ambitions and goals that I had set. I wanted to do something with art. I was planning to go to college and study animation. What happened shattered everything.

Now, I’m living with my oldest brother. I feel guilty, and I get depressed a lot. I really don’t have any friends. I lost the majority of my family, and I only have a couple sisters and a brother left who actually want to be a part of my life. While I feel badly sometimes, I figure that if some of my friends and family just dropped me because I tried to make them obey the law, I don’t need them in my life.

I have, however, received a lot of support from people through the internet. I posted something on Reddit.com about my experience to get a little encouragement, a little support. It blew up into something that I didn’t expect. Dozens of bloggers began writing about me. “The Friendly Atheist,” Hemant Mehta, organized a college scholarship fund for me, which raised $31,000. I’m very grateful to him. That has really helped me through a lot.

I have also been able to attend the CFI Student Leadership Conference in Amherst, NY. It was one of the best experiences I’ve ever had. There were people there who shared my beliefs on a variety of issues. I had a lot in common with the people there, who were close to me in age. It just felt right.

I know that there are other people like me who are experiencing similar hardships. I would let anyone going through something similar know that there is a huge atheist community out there. While they might feel alone, they have the support of a large number of people around the world. Even with everything that’s happened, I don’t regret standing up to fight the prayer at my graduation. It had to be done. If I hadn’t said anything, nothing would have changed.

X.

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J.A.G.: The Psychology of Religion

“The human mind evolved to believe in the gods. It did not evolve to believe in biology.”

— E.O. Wilson, Consilience

Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses in 1517, posting them to a door at Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. His document is widely recognized for fueling the Protestant Reformation. In it, Luther criticized the practices of the Catholic Church for, among other things, his perception of Church abuses, particularly regarding the sale of indulgences. Nearly 500 years later, a Lutheran, who wished to be identified through his initials, J.A.G., began to criticize his own Lutheran faith after experiencing panic attacks brought on by religious fear. He didn’t eat enough, didn’t sleep enough, and was terrified by the possibility of going to hell.

J.A.G. spent his high school years in Colorado Springs, CO, one of the most religiously conservative sections of America. The more he understood science, particularly evolutionary biology, the more he was able to quiet his noisy mind. He began to view all life as the result of a natural process, free from deistic observance or intervention. Empowered by knowledge and assisted by mild antidepressants, J.A.G. has overcome his childhood fears.

My mother was raised Catholic, but my family is Lutheran. She converted when she married my father. Therefore, I was raised in the Lutheran tradition. I was sent to religious schools until I was in eighth grade. I was extremely religious when I was young.

There are several Lutheran denominations. The biggest one is ELCA, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, and, overall, it’s quite liberal. It ordains women and is gay-friendly. Another branch of Lutheranism is Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, LCMS. The most conservative branch is called the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, or WELS. The WELS branch is very fundamentalist, very literalist. Women aren’t allowed to vote or hold positions of authority. At different times in my life, I’ve been a part of each of these denominations.

From the age of 12 to 14, religion began to have a negative influence on me. I started to have panic attacks, which I think were related to my religious beliefs. The attacks manifested because of my fear of going to hell. I was afraid of even thinking weird or irreverent thoughts like “I’ll sell my soul to the devil!” because if I did, I thought that I would have committed a grievous offense against God. It’s like the trick where someone says, “Don’t think about an elephant,” and you automatically do.

I often felt like I was going crazy, and it was very disturbing. An idea or thought would pop into my head, and I would think, “Oh my goodness, I’m going to hell.” I’m not sure that words can describe how it feels to believe that you are going to spend the rest of your human life knowing that in the future, no matter what you do, hell will be the outcome of your existence because of thought-crimes that you had committed years ago. It sucked the life out of me. There were nights when I wouldn’t sleep; it became a major mental preoccupation. I probably wasn’t eating as much as I should have, too, and it hurt my performance in school.

If someone had asked me back then what I thought my odds were of going to hell, I would have estimated about 80%. I think back and realize that I was enduring a low-grade mental illness enhanced by religion. Interestingly, something that I’ve realized about this fundamentalist outlook is that seemingly everybody has that fear of hell. I’ve talked to a lot of other ex-fundamentalists who have admitted that to me.

In high school, religion started to have less of a hold on me. I began to feel as though I didn’t fit in at my youth group. At the time, I was living in Colorado Springs, which is the headquarters of Focus on the Family. I remember in 2004, in history class, I was one of two people who said that they would have voted for John Kerry for President of the United States. I think of Colorado Springs as Bush’s America. It’s very, very WASPy, and I never felt like I made a connection with that community.

It wasn’t until around the time that I went to college that I really started to question religion as an institution. I found a blog that made me realize that atheism isn’t a crazy, evil, awful thing. It had always been portrayed to me in that way. I also began to realize that I didn’t know much about biological science. I knew that I needed to further educate myself about the debate between evolution and creationism. I went to a lot of Christian apologetics websites to read more arguments in favor of Christianity. I also started reading PZ Myers’s evolution and atheism website, Pharyngula. After a lot of research, I concluded that evolution is a sensible explanation of how life on Earth came to exist. I know that many try to downplay the implications of the naturalistic worldview on religion and say that there are plenty of liberal, educated religious people who believe in evolutionary science, but that argument didn’t persuade me. I began, for the first time, to consider the possibility that God may not exist.

I continued my search and bought a few books, like Atheist Universe by David Mills, which is written for fundamentalists. I read it and found it convincing. I remember sitting in my dorm room one Saturday morning thinking, “I’ll try for a minute believing that there isn’t a God and see what it’s like.” I did. It was a shocking moment. I realized, “Yes! This makes sense!”

I left my church and didn’t tell my parents about the change that had occurred within me. I wasn’t sure how they would react, and I didn’t want them to have negative feelings toward me. More than anything, I didn’t want my parents to think that I was going to hell. I care about them and they care about me, so, for a while, I kept my true beliefs from them.

Despite my attempts to conceal my atheism, I knew that it would have to be unveiled at some point. They found out in an interesting way. One day, I searched for myself on Google, and one of the results that came up was an obituary for someone with my name. I told my dad about that, and when he looked it up by searching for my name, he found my Atheist Nexus profile as one of the top results. My cover had been blown.

A few weeks later, my parents talked to me about it, and I told them the truth. Thankfully, that conversation was very positive. My dad told me that if anyone ever harassed me about religion, I should let him know so that he could go after them. My mother didn’t cry; her biggest concern was that I wouldn’t be able to find a wife.

I thought that my parents’ reaction would be one of sadness. I know for a fact that they genuinely believe in heaven, and I was worried that they would tell me that I was going to hell. They did say that they were not thrilled about this change in my life, but they also stressed that they supported me. In fact, they said that they were worried that I had thought that they wouldn’t be supportive, which is why I hadn’t told them for so long. They wanted to be good parents, and they were concerned that I felt a bit unwelcome in our family.

My parents are fairly liberal and open-minded, which is likely why they reacted the way that they did. I visited them recently, and my dad was talking about how he had seen a gay couple walking down the street and how, at first, it made him feel a bit uncomfortable, but then he felt badly for feeling like that. He said that he should be more accepting. Fundamentally, there’s a lot of mutual care, mutual love, in my family, which, in the end, informed how we dealt with my atheism. Our bond was able to see us through.

Despite his relative openness, my dad did say that he didn’t want me walking around our house wearing offensive t-shirts like one he had seen with a Christmas tree and the words “Merry Christ Myth” on it. I wouldn’t do that anyway. That’s not really who I am. I’m not ostentatious or extremely outspoken about my atheism. My main challenge as an atheist has been staying aware of the fact that we really are a minority, that there really are people out there who truly do hate us.

My education in college continued to shape my thinking about the world. I became more educated about the process of evolution by natural selection. I continued to find it to be a very powerful, compelling theory. It seemed as though the primary job of religion — explaining the existence of life on Earth — had been done scientifically. Everything made more sense with this worldview.

It interests me that large numbers of liberal religious institutions have conceded the facts of modern science. Because of their concessions, I think there’s a worry within the Christian milieu that liberal churches don’t have a strong, firm idea to which they can point to appeal to people. Maybe it was my rather fundamentalist upbringing that made me disinterested in the positions taken by these institutions, and perhaps I moved a little too hastily from fundamentalism to atheism, but I still don’t see the appeal of moderate religiosity. That worldview strikes me as a bit of a cop out.

With everything that I have gone through during my religious journey, at this point in my life, I feel very sane. But with that sanity has come some difficult conclusions. Perhaps more than anything else, the most difficult subject has been the way that I now view death. I had believed that even though my parents and friends would die someday, we’d all be together again. Not having that, especially at first, was very difficult. It felt like a raw deal. But I can’t dictate terms to the universe.

I actually think that life is better the way that it truly is. I like how it is. I don’t think that I would want an afterlife. I have always been a bit creeped out by the idea of eternity, no matter if that would be in heaven or in hell. Because I now believe that my time on this planet is so limited, I need to treasure what I have now. There’s a sweetness to life that’s been added because I know that it’s not permanent, that eventually it will end.

I’m a different person now. I feel that the idea that I’m on my own, that I need be responsible for my life, that I don’t have someone who’s going to come in and help me with magic, is in its own way an exciting notion. To me, it’s empowering.

XI.

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Eric Gold: Batman, Judaism, and God

“Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the universe, are challenged by this point of pale light. Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity — in all this vastness — there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves.

The Earth is the only world known, so far, to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Visit, yes. Settle, not yet. Like it or not, for the moment, the Earth is where we make our stand.

It has been said that astronomy is a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we’ve ever known.”

— Carl Sagan

Childhood can be a confusing time. For a literal-minded child like Eric Gold (a pseudonym), the concept of God, as taught in his Jewish community, was rather vague. The Almighty, as best he could understand, was similar to a superhero, like Superman. When Eric would play with action figures as kid, both Batman and Moses were literally Godlike, possessing superhuman powers.

Eric drifted from Judaism as time passed. Despite not going to synagogue in years, he’s viewed as no less Jewish by the Jewish community than anyone who fully dedicates himself or herself to the religion. He doesn’t like such unchosen affiliations, though, and asks people not to call him Jewish. First and foremost, he considers himself a human being.

I was raised in a Jewish environment; most of the families in my neighborhood were of that religion. I lived on the Main Line, Lower Merion, right outside Philadelphia. My mother was not born Jewish. She converted when she married my dad because she wanted her children to be able to be accepted into the Jewish community if they wanted to be part of it. So I was circumcised. I had a bris. My parents did all of the things that would make my brother, sister, and me Jewish in the eyes of other Jewish people. Because of their dedication to the idea of me being Jewish, I could, for example, become a citizen of the state of Israel if I were so inclined. Had my mother’s conversion not been Kosher, I would not be able to do so.

The religious Jews I knew growing up would go to temple and do Shomer Shabbat; during a 24-hour period from sunset on Friday night to sunset on Saturday night, they wouldn’t use electricity, make phone calls, watch TV, or drive cars. My family didn’t do that; we went to many different synagogues, but never really settled on which branch of Judaism we belonged to. Our family tradition was as follows: we had a ceremony each Friday night in our home where we said three short prayers and then ate an awesome dinner. My father always said “bon appétit” at the end of the prayers. I used to think that was a Jewish phrase.

There are a couple major forms of Jewish practice. I use the word “practice” because Judaism as a religion is less about faith and more about methodology. Jews come in many different varieties. Generally speaking, they don’t expect miracles or visions of angels. For many, Judaism is a lifestyle: you eat kosher, and you wear your clothes in a certain way.

I remember that religion influenced me from a very early age. As a kid, I was very interested in science, science fiction, the universe, the galaxy, and the solar system. I knew from a very young age that the Earth’s not flat, that it’s not the center of the universe, that it’s much older than the Torah says that it is. Perhaps because there is such an emphasis on intellectualism in that culture, in my Jewish education, I remember there being very little emphasis on anything in particular. I have heard some people say that the Jewish faith is about values and morality. I wasn’t instructed in that way. I was never asked to truly believe any of the Bible stories about miracles or other supernatural oddities — not by my parents, not by any rabbi. These stories were discussed like literature is discussed in school. The emphasis was not so much on faith as it was on critical thinking.

This absence of clarity stretched to the very core of the religion. I had no idea what the temple’s understanding of God was supposed to be. What I got out of its teachings was that this guy God is fucking Superman. He has powers, and so does his friend, Moses. When I played with action figures, I would take out Batman, and in my imagination I would think, “He’s not Batman, he’s God!”

When I first enrolled in school, I began to realize that most people aren’t Jewish. My parents told me that Jews are very rare, that they’re a very small percentage of the world’s population. I didn’t know this before I went to kindergarten or the first grade. I went to public school, and one of my really good friends, Donald Dermond, was a Christian and, from a young age, was very into that identity. I found out that all of my Christian friends believed in this guy called Santa Claus. It was mind-blowing to me that their parents would make up this figure, a person who seemed like a cartoon character. I simply could not imagine my parents doing that to me. I began to think, “If there are so many different religions, maybe none of them are true.”

As I was growing up, there was a push from my family for me to adopt Jewish culture, not necessarily the Jewish religion. As a child, for me, temple was a place that my family visited a couple times a year. We heard goofy stories and saw people we didn’t really know. The synagogue had really cool architecture, though. It was big, had a lot of interesting rooms, and made for a great place to pretend that I was in a spaceship. While I did have a bar mitzvah, I did not exactly learn how to read Hebrew: I memorized a whole bunch of words, which I didn’t actually understand, and recited them, pretending to read, with a metallic pointer in my hand, from the Torah. Regardless, once I passed the bar mitzvah milestone, I was considered a man in Jewish culture. In fact, that was my last experience with the Jewish religion. I was 13. Over time, any religiosity that I had in my youth gradually faded away. My brother and sister, my mother and my father, all started to become more and more secular. I identified with agnosticism for a time and decided after reading a lot about science that I was an atheist.

The most persuasive argument in favor of my atheism came from how evolution can explain how order can arise from chaos. As a teenager, I was philosophically inclined, and I wondered about the big questions of life. Becoming educated about the science behind biological evolution and cosmic evolution had a huge influence on me. I learned about the formation of galaxies and solar systems, stars, and planets. I am a skeptic, and I think that any empirical claim is testable and potentially falsifiable. When I look at the Bible, I see many empirical claims about how the universe works and most of them are false, along with many omissions about what we now consider to be basic scientific knowledge. The Bible doesn’t mention tectonic plates. It doesn’t mention volcanoes. It doesn’t mention Africa or Australia or North or South America or the South Pole. Its authors did not understand that disease is transmitted by germs and not by demons.

Despite the inaccuracies of the Jewish religion, the tradition of Judaism still interests me. In fact, one thing that people from the world’s other major religions don’t often understand is the relationship between Jewish culture and Jewish religion. Modern Jewish culture is shaped by the diaspora. Jews have been in diaspora for thousands of years. A structured state or homeland — like the state of Israel — is a recent phenomenon. There’s no central Jewish religious authority; the highest authority within the Jewish faith is generally the local rabbi or his mentor.

I similarly don’t think that Christians or secular people from a Christian background or most other religions understand the way Judaism is viewed in the eyes of other Jews. To them, I’m no less a Jew even though I’m an atheist, never go to temple, have nothing whatsoever to do with the religion, and was a church-state separation activist for several years. Being Jewish is not simply about being religious. It’s an ethnic identity. It’s like a nation in much the same way as the Tibetans or the Lakota Sioux are a nation.

While I recognize the inclusiveness of Jews to other Jews, I am not a fan of endogamy. Within more conservative Jewish culture, it’s almost unspoken that Jews will marry other Jews. Because of this clannish mentality, I ask people not to call me Jewish. I’m a human being. I’m a person. I don’t want labels. I don’t have the need for the cultural affiliation that a lot of atheistic and agnostic Jews have. In my life, I have been quite interested in combating racism by explaining human variation and by debunking the idea that, scientifically, there is any such thing as race.

While I grew up in Philadelphia and never really feel as though I’ve been discriminated against because of my Jewish lineage, there have been times when I felt threatened by rhetoric. In Philadelphia, the Nation of Islam and the Black Hebrews are both quite active and quite anti-Semitic. Although I have never been confronted by them personally, I have, with a degree of shock, watched them give their speeches outside city hall.

People sometimes ask me about the way I view the world. I tell people that I have a naturalistic concern and an evolved morality. I care deeply about the quality and dignity of human life, a care that has actually been deepened by my atheism. Overall, I find my worldview to be liberating because I know that I’m not going to be judged. I know that I’m not going to be categorized after I die. I don’t have a faith with which I need to wrestle. I have an awareness of reality and because of that, there’s a whole layer of neurosis that I circumvent. Knowing my mortality makes me think that I need to make my time on this Earth count. I try to do very worthwhile work and contribute to my community both locally and globally. I think that’s the most you can ask of anyone.

XII.

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Lucy Gubbins: Becoming a Happy Atheist

“This I believe: I believe there is no God. Having taken that step, it informs every moment of my life. I’m not greedy. I have love, blue skies, rainbows, and Hallmark cards, and that has to be enough. It has to be enough, but it’s everything in the world, and everything in the world is plenty for me.

It seems just rude to beg the invisible for more. Just the love of my family that raised me and the family that I am raising now is enough that I don’t need heaven. I won the genetic lottery, and I get joy every day. Believing there’s no God means I can’t really be forgiven except by kindness and faulty memories. That’s good. It makes me want to be more thoughtful. I have to try to treat people right the first time around.”

— Penn Jillette

If a prize were awarded to the happiest atheist on the planet, Lucy Gubbins would be a frontrunner. Raised in Tennessee, Lucy had a childhood fascination with Japanese culture and all things religious. She drifted from Christianity to Wicca before advice from her brother began to lead her down a more secular life route. In college, she co-founded the Alliance of Happy Atheists (AHA!) at the University of Oregon. The group became one of the most widely-known organizations on campus within its first few years.

When she was a child, she believed that the bliss that she felt while walking through beautiful forests could only be explained through the awesomeness of a higher power. She certainly hasn’t lost her appreciation for nature or her faith in people, even though she no longer believes that God exists. She hopes, more than anything, that her efforts in organizing have helped to provide a safe and meaningful secular community in which young atheists can participate and flourish.

I grew up in Knoxville, Tennessee. When I was growing up, my mom was an Episcopalian and my dad was an atheist. My parents were both very open-minded. My mom would take my brother, sister, and me to our Episcopalian church every Sunday; we would go to Sunday school beforehand and then we would go to church services. The Episcopalian Church is very accepting of people. They have women ministers. It was a great church to grow up in.

Religion was never really a conversation topic in my house. It wasn’t as though we weren’t supposed to talk about it; it’s just something that never came up. We would go to church on Sundays, and then we wouldn’t talk about religious topics for the rest of the day or for the rest of the week. My mom was quite devout, though. She would go to church on Sundays and then on Wednesdays as well for Bible study. Around the time that I was 10 years old, she started sending me to Bible study too. It was at that time that my religious questioning began.

I went to a private middle school, but when I was entering high school, I asked my parents to let me go to a public school because I wanted that experience. They let me. In the two years that I went there, I realized that it was very, very conservative. We had abstinence-only sex education. There was a creationism club. I remember seeing posters of dinosaurs with a big “X” through them. There were Bible studies. The school participated in a National Day of Prayer; it was voluntary, but everybody would go outside and hold hands around the flagpole. There was a fast food restaurant, Chick-fil-A, that would give you a free chicken biscuit if you signed an abstinence “I’ll wait for marriage to have sex” card.

Despite this conservative setting, I always remained quite curious about the world. I read a lot about Japan when I was a little kid and was completely obsessed with that country. My parents think that my interest came from the fact that I had a Japanese friend when I was growing up in preschool. I read about Japanese festivals and Japanese religions like Shintoism and Buddhism. I thought that these religions and ways of life were very beautiful and very respectful. They valued human life and good deeds above everything else.

One day after church, I remember asking my mom, “Who gets into heaven? What about these people in Japan or in China who have never even heard of Jesus but who are very good people and do good deeds? What happens to them when they die if they don’t know about God or they don’t know about Jesus or even if they do, continue to be a Buddhist or Shinto?” She really didn’t have a good answer for me. That was the beginning of me asking myself questions about Biblical justice and having an issue with any religion that would not allow someone into heaven because they didn’t have the luck of being born in a Christian country.

This questioning began at the same time that I started to go to Bible study every Wednesday. As I became more educated about Christianity, I started to have more questions. I became interested in other religions, specifically paganism and Wicca. I continued to ask, “If people of different religions do good things, why should only one pocket of them be accepted into heaven or have a good afterlife?” I was very attracted to paganism and Wicca because those religions teach that one could be a pagan and believe in any God or Goddess; it was all-accepting. I loved the idea that if you’re Wiccan, you believe that God is like a diamond, and He has many facets. He can have the face of Allah. He can be Jesus. He can be Mohammad or Shiva or Krishna or the Buddha, but in the end, God is one thing. To me, it seemed to make more sense that all of the people in the world are actually worshipping the same God. At the time, that idea was very attractive to me. I became more and more sure that Christianity wasn’t for me.

I was open with my parents about my changing beliefs. When I started learning about Wicca, I found a book about it in the New Age section of a bookstore, and I asked my dad to buy it for me. He said, “Of course I’ll buy this for you. I want you to know as much as you can about everything.” The book I got is called Teen Witch, by author Silver RavenWolf. It’s amazing thinking back that my dad let me buy the book. It talks about what it’s like to be a witch, what it’s like to be a Wiccan, to be pagan. As you can tell, Wicca has some Harry Potter elements to it.

I started talking to my parents more about Wicca and paganism. When my dad told my mom that I was getting interested in it, she freaked out. I don’t know if she was uncomfortable with me not being a Christian or me getting into a weird, New Age religion. She ramped up her efforts to make me go to church and Bible study, which I think was her way of coping with the fact that I didn’t want to do something that she found very important in her own life. The more that my mom acted this way, the more I became interested in Wicca. She didn’t want me to tell anybody about it. I continued to read. For about two years, I got more and more into it.

My interest in Wicca caused some issues in my parents’ otherwise wonderful relationship. I remember once being in my house doing homework, and I heard sounds coming from the family room or in the kitchen downstairs. I crawled down the hallway and sat at the stairwell. I heard my parents having arguments, my mom asking, “How did you let her get this book? Why would you buy it for her? She’s going to be ridiculed! People are going to make fun of her! Only crazy people believe in this stuff!“ My dad rebutted by saying, “I just want her to know everything that she can about religion. If she knows about it, she probably won’t be into it anymore.” Those fights made me realize that these subjects are serious, and that my interest in them can have an impact on other people. My parents’ religious differences must have been a source of disagreement in their lives. When I was growing up, I never realized that my dad was an atheist. He would drive us to church, but he would never come in. I always wondered why. He would come to church for Christmas or Easter service, but he would always stay in the pews when we went up for communion.

Interestingly, a few years ago, my dad became born-again Christian. I really don’t know anything about why he converted, and I wish I did. He’s a Christian now, and he goes to church with my mom. He’s not an intense evangelical; I really wish that he had been more open about his beliefs when I was growing up because all I wanted when I was young was talk to somebody about religion, and I felt like I couldn’t.

My dad is a recovering alcoholic. It’s not something that I experienced firsthand because by the time my siblings and I were born, he was in recovery. But around the time that I was 16, he started going back to Alcoholics Anonymous for the community. Part of the 12-step A.A. rehab program includes submitting to a higher power. I think it was a rather natural progression for him, becoming more religious as he went back to those meetings. Regardless, he’s very happy now. He reads the Bible, and his favorite book is Ecclesiastes.

Back to my story. I’m very thankful to have had people in my life who have encouraged me to become a critical thinker. When I was young, I was pretty gullible and would believe whatever people told me. At one point, when I was a teenager, my brother said to me, “Lucy, I love you, I respect what you believe in, I will always support you, but I want you to think about your Wiccan beliefs. Just because something makes you feel good doesn’t necessarily make it true.” That was hard for me to hear because I really loved Wicca. It made me feel very good, thinking that everybody who does good deeds and believes in whatever God that they want to believe in will get into heaven. My brother pointed out that just because I believe in something doesn’t really mean that my inclusionary beliefs about religion actually match up with the teachings or the content of the Koran or the Bible. It’s funny how what one person says can impact you so dramatically. It was at that moment that I started to think, “Maybe I’m not really being intellectually honest about this. Maybe I need to think about this in a more logical way.” That was the beginning of the end of my religious faith.

After going from Christianity to Wicca, from Wicca back to nebulous agnosticism, I didn’t really believe in anything. Every step of that was very hard for me. I had really believed in God with all of my heart. I’m looking at a tear-stained diary entry that I wrote in 2001. I was 12 years old. It just says, “I’m so alone. I’m so heavy-hearted. I don’t know who to turn to.” Losing my religion was absolutely heartbreaking.

Growing up, I felt like I could talk to God. I felt like I could feel the presence of a divine being wherever I went. I would walk outside, the sun would be shining, and the light would stream through the leaves. I would think, “Only God could have made this. Only God. He put me on this Earth to enjoy this life.” When I started to think about the fact that maybe there isn’t someone looking out for me, that maybe I was just born of my parents, that maybe there’s no heaven, and that maybe I’m going to die like everyone else some day, it was very hard to accept.

I had no one to talk to about these new ideas. When I was a little kid, I remember being taught who atheists were. I remember thinking, “I don’t care what I end up being. I might be a Christian, I might be a Wiccan, but I will never ever be an atheist because how can an atheist ever be happy in this life? How can anyone be happy without believing that there’s a God?” I didn’t have any Godless role models, and I was terrified. It would have been much easier if I had known that it’s okay to be an atheist, that it’s normal, and that atheists can be happy. Because I didn’t, I pushed the idea that perhaps God doesn’t exist out of my mind.

I went through a very, very long journey. I continued searching and looking for answers. Before my senior year of high school, I lived in Japan for a year. My second host family lived at a Buddhist temple. They practiced Mahayana, Japanese Buddhism. I learned that in some forms of Buddhism, the practitioners do indeed believe in many different Gods. Some believe in a heaven and a hell, a terrible, torturous hell. I saw pictures of a version of Buddhist hell in the temple in which I lived. People were being boiled alive and getting pitchforks stabbed into them, their intestines being ripped out. It was really intense, maybe more intense than the Christian hell that I was familiar with. After that, I realized that the one religious philosophy that I had believed was peaceful and pure, Buddhism, could still be tainted with ideas of a horrendous afterlife, sin, and retribution.

The next year, my senior year of high school, I came back to Tennessee, and I went to school in Nashville. My parents had moved there right before I went as an exchange student to Japan. That year, I took an AP Environmental Studies class. The teacher of that class changed my life.

One day I came into class, and I looked behind me. On the back of the room there was a gigantic map of the world, about five feet long, attached to the wall upside down. I asked my teacher, “Mr. Roberts, why is this map like that? Do you want me to fix it? Did somebody come in here?” He said, “What makes you think that it’s upside down? The way we perceive the world is due to the fact that we live in North America, and we have designed our maps to show north as north and south as south. But there’s really no objective reason to think that. It’s not like the universe has an up and a down and a north and a south.” His goal, more than anything else, was to teach critical thinking. I was taught, for the first time, that what I believe should be backed up by evidence. I started to once again wonder, “What beliefs do I have that I continue to fail to look at with a critical eye?”

I began mentally preparing myself, understanding that it was quite possible that one day I would not believe in God. I was slowly and subconsciously making that transition. After I graduated from high school, I took a gap year. I really wanted to improve my Japanese before I started college. Even though I had previously lived in Japan, my Japanese was really rusty. I also wanted to work on a farm. I knew about a program called WWOF, Willing Workers on Organic Farms. I decided to participate in that program. Once I did, I quickly learned that it was extremely challenging. When I had gone to Japan when I was 16, everything was so new and comfortable. I had to go to school every day, but I wasn’t doing manual labor. I came to this farm and began working 11 hours a day. I was expected to get up at 6:00 in the morning and help with breakfast. I wouldn’t be done with work until 10:00 at night.

Before I went there, I had imagined that I’d work about three or four hours a day. I thought it’d be really hot, and I’d be riding a bike around the Japanese countryside, going to temples, having fun. I brought Thoreau’s Walden to read. I thought that I’d have a relaxing adventure. That was not to be. The work was demanding, it was really cold outside, and I was miserable. During the first two weeks, I wanted to go home. I stuck with it, though. Then, suddenly, something changed. I began to love the work that I was doing, and I began to feel very strong, both mentally and emotionally. About that same time, my then-boyfriend sent me a copy of The God Delusion. He knew that I was thinking about atheism. I started reading it and began to see how being an atheist can actually be a source of strength. I read 30 pages, shut it, and thought, “This is it! I’m an atheist. This is who I am now.” I’ve been an atheist ever since.

I realized that I had no evidence to believe in God. I loved the stories of the Bible. I loved reading about religion. I loved the stories of Buddhism, the stories from the Koran. But I had no reason to believe that there truly is a God somewhere out there. I began to have no problem creating my own purpose in life, relying on myself and my family to get through hardship. I started to realize that I didn’t need a God for what I wanted from life.

Since I first admitted that I’m an atheist, I’ve never doubted that belief, not in any way, shape, or form. When I was a Christian, I was constantly doubting my Christianity. When I was a pagan, I was constantly doubting my paganism. I was always wondering, “Is this really right? Do I really believe these things?” In thinking about what it was like to become an atheist, I’m reminded of the song “I Can See Clearly Now, The Rain Has Gone” by Johnny Nash. I’m completely happy and secure in my beliefs.

Armed with this new worldview, I was extremely excited to hit the ground running when I started at my university. I wanted to make as much of an impact as I possibly could, take advantage of as many opportunities as I could, and finally be the person who I wanted to be. The summer before I started my freshmen year, I took a leadership class. It lasted for two days, with a couple of seminars. In the book we received for that class, it detailed what to do if you wanted to start an organization on campus. Before I met anyone from the University of Oregon, I had written the mission statement and worked on the bylaws of the group that I wanted to form. I started working to create an atheist club, The Alliance of Happy Atheists, or AHA! for short. I started proactively connecting with people for the first time. The group became extremely successful. By the first week of spring term, we had our very first meeting, and over 100 people showed up.

When people first become atheists, they often have a lot of anger toward religion, especially if their introduction to atheism comes from reading, for example, The God Delusion. That was certainly true for me. When I first became an atheist, my then-boyfriend and I were newly Godless. We listened to the secular podcasts Point of Inquiry and Freethought Radio every day. We would talk to each other about how much we hated religion. I got that out of my system rather quickly; I realized that that isn’t really the person who I am. I love religious people. I get religion. I understand why people want to be religious. In thinking about the group that I wanted to start, I knew that I personally didn’t care if a single person on my campus left religion. I simply wanted there to be a community for atheists. There didn’t seem to be a lack of atheists who bashed religion in the world, and there wasn’t a lack of books in the world telling people why there is no God. But there did seem to be a lack of community for nonreligious people.

I grew up in the South where people’s churches are their communities. Everyone goes to church barbecues. People go to other people’s communions and confirmations. Socially, it’s everything. There is a ready-made community for religious people of any denomination. That became a hurdle for me because I love to meet people. I love communities, and I love being a part of one. I realized that there wasn’t going to be a community like that for me at college, so I decided that I needed to create one. Luckily, I found, by and large, a group of people who agreed with me. We wanted a community of atheists where we could all get together, share our stories, and have a place to make friends with people who are like-minded.

I know that there are stereotypes of atheists, that they’re emotionally distant, introverted, anti-religious, curmudgeonly, and anti-social. I’m not like that, and very few atheists that I know are like that. I think it’s often precisely because atheists have that image that most people decide not to explore atheism. When I was a kid, I didn’t know any atheists, but for some reason, assumed that they were depressed, sad, unfriendly people. That certainly isn’t the case. Our group’s goal was not to de-convert people, it wasn’t to ridicule religion, or even to encourage people to think about atheism. We wanted people to know that we are a group of happy atheists. We love our lives. If you want to be around us, if you want a community, if you need a community, we’re here for you. That was powerful for many people. I don’t think that I know of anyone who became an atheist because of our group, but I do know that we have changed the image of atheism on our campus because of our approach.

I think that AHA! was 60:40 women to men, which is quite rare in atheist groups. That may have resulted from the fact that I am a woman, which perhaps made joining more comfortable for other females. I also think that it helped that we were friendly and accessible. We weren’t intimidating. We let people come to us.

My parents started to hear a lot about my atheism because of my involvement in that group. They’re my best friends. I tell my mom everything. My atheism is not necessarily something that we frequently talk about, but both of my parents have expressed pride in me for starting the club. One day, I remember my dad and I were driving together. He had just picked me up from the airport at the end of my sophomore year. I was telling him how hard it had been to start my atheist group. It had taken a lot of time and energy out of my life, but I was so happy with it because it was so fulfilling. My dad said, “Lucy, I wish that I could start a club called ‘The Alliance of Fathers Who Love Their Happy Atheist Daughters.’” That meant so much to me.

While I do have a desire to be understanding and friendly, I do still have some concerns about religion and dogma. One of my best friends is an amazing guy. He is one of the most quick-witted, clever people I know, and he is very religious. He has had some issues with religion because he is bisexual. But he doesn’t support gay rights. He doesn’t believe in evolution. He’s always been adamant that he believes in God and Jesus, in heaven and hell. These facts cam be very difficult for me because we spend a lot of time together.

One day while we were traveling through Sweden together, he turned to me and asked, “Do you think that I am unintelligent or less intelligent than you because I have founded my beliefs on the Bible?” I responded, “That’s a really hard question for me. I really value people who have opinions that are based on evidence, opinions that are held because they went through a long process of asking themselves questions, logical, difficult questions, while seeking evidence in trying to answer them. I think when people get their answers from the Bible, they don’t necessarily go through that process. They simply look at its content and think, ‘Whatever this book says, I’m going to believe it.’” Despite our differences, we’ve remained close friends.

I still find that I have very little interest in making other people atheists. As long as people do good for others, I really don’t care about their religious identification. I do value evidence-based critical reasoning, though, and I try to have as much compassion as I possibly can for people because I understand that religion is important in many people’s lives. But sometimes I have to step back and realize that a person I’m talking to has a vastly different way of viewing the world than I do. I try to encourage them to think as much as they can from many different angles. That’s really all I can do.

For me, with what I’ve gone through, I certainly feel like I’m a different person now. I think more intellectually. I don’t hesitate to ask questions. I explore more. I try to be open-minded and gather information about everything before forming my beliefs. I think I like myself a lot more now.

I also have a more naturalistic understanding of my life. Now, when I go outside and see the sunshine streaming through the leaves, I have the same feeling of incredible gratitude, of love for the world, that I did when I was religious. I get an intense feeling in my heart that swells up with happiness and joy. I’m so thankful that I can live in this beautiful world. I feel lucky. I have my family. I’m healthy. Now, however, my happiness comes from the fact that I realize that I’m a human being and that I am connected with other human beings, not from the presence of a God. My happiness comes from the beauty of the world as it actually is.

My journey to atheism has been one of the most life-affirming, intellectually stimulating, wonderful experiences of my life. While I’m pretty sure there’s not an afterlife that I’m going to, I have a wonderful worldview that encourages me to take advantage of my life right here and now. In my own spiritual life, I could not be happier. I feel like such a strong person. Sometimes, I think, “Wow, I’m an atheist!” I just smile to myself.

XIII.

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Mark Hatcher: From Child Missionary to Black Atheist

“We are going to die, and that makes us the lucky ones. Most people are never going to die because they are never going to be born. The potential people who could have been here in my place but who will in fact never see the light of day outnumber the sand grains of Sahara.

Certainly those unborn ghosts include greater poets than Keats, scientists greater than Newton. We know this because the set of possible people allowed by our DNA so massively outnumbers the set of actual people. In the teeth of these stupefying odds it is you and I, in our ordinariness, that are here.”

— Richard Dawkins

Roughly 94% of Howard University’s undergraduates and 85% of its graduate students are African American. While statistics are not available, it’s reasonable to believe that a similar number are theists. It’s surprising, given his childhood inclinations, that the school’s most visible atheist, Ph.D. candidate Mark Hatcher, has become a public advocate for secularism and atheism. He was quiet, reserved, and unsure of himself as a kid, and his family thought that he would become a pastor — a prestigious role in the black community — because of his propensity to lead his family in prayer. He had believed that in order to be a good person, he needed to be an active member of his church.

Mark’s education has always shaped his perspective of the world. A high school class on the world’s religions taught him about faiths other than Christianity, and his first evolutionary biology class his freshman year at the University of Maryland described the natural creation of life on Earth. While he admits that it can be quite lonely to be a black atheist, he’s happy to have his worldview, for its accuracy and the loving secular community he has found.

I was born into a family with a mother who was Catholic and a father who was Baptist. My mother’s family, her brothers and parents, were pretty devout. My family went to church, and I grew up going to Catholic and Baptist private schools. My religious schooling lasted through high school. In retrospect, I don’t think that my parents were particularly religious. They put me into religious private schools so that I would go to church during the week, meaning that they wouldn’t have to go on Sunday.

I was quite religious when I was young. I considered myself to be a missionary, and I would often ask people if they had been saved. I was very into the Bible, reading it and learning the stories. I had an aunt who was a Jehovah’s Witness, and she gave me some of The Watchtower materials. I read them as though they were part of mainstream Christianity.

As a child, I was quiet and reserved. I was the kid in the corner, unsure of myself. I always liked people, but I also often didn’t take a date to the dance. I wasn’t popular, at least I didn’t think so. I liked to sit in my room and learn music. I didn’t think that anyone was paying attention to me.

Religion was very ingrained in me. In my youth, at family gatherings, I would say the prayer. Everyone said that I would be a preacher, a pastor. In a black family, that’s the same as being a doctor or lawyer.

Going into high school, I was still religious, but I began to have some doubts. I couldn’t quite make sense of the seemingly impossible stories of the Bible, like the one about Jonah and the whale. I rationalized that the reason that I couldn’t understand the mysteries of the Bible was because I was young and didn’t know enough at that point, that I would figure out its mysteries later in my life.

The biggest reason that I was so religious growing up was because I believed that morality was inherent in religion. If I wanted to be a good person, if I wanted to meet a good woman, then I believed that I needed to go to church and ask Jesus or God to show me how to do that. My religiosity wasn’t so much the result of the content of what I read in the Bible as much as it was related to the implication of how I would be viewed in my community, how I was going to present myself as a positive person to my family and friends.

I’ve always found significant differences between black churches and most other American churches. In black communities, religion is less about following the actual words of the Bible and more about an individual’s relationship with and interpretation of God. Damn near of all the music directors in black churches are flamboyantly gay, but nobody says anything because the emphasis within the church community is on their personal walk with the Lord.

Two high school classes, one about the history of Christianity and the other on the world’s religions, were hugely influential on me. I began to learn about the contradictions in the Bible, which led me to start asking questions. Additionally, before taking these classes, I hadn’t realized the very real differences between other religions. I had known about Muslims, but I had thought that they prayed to God and to Jesus in a different way than Christians. I didn’t know that many of the claims made by different religions are mutually exclusive. I found it very interesting that the number of people from other religions outnumbered the number of people from my own faith. I thought, “Well, there can’t be that many bad people out there. How do non-Christians stay good people while not following Jesus?” That set me off on a path asking questions about the relationship between morality and religion. I began to see that the two don’t necessarily go together hand-in-hand. I started to realize that the Good Book was a good book because it said it was a good book.

After I began to explore the Bible, I learned that there are things in it that I hadn’t been taught as a child, instructions from God that people would now find abhorrent. I remember reading that the punishment for homosexuality is death. I couldn’t adopt that belief because I had wonderful gay friends. I began to think that perhaps Jesus was revolutionary when it came to defying authority, being nice to those who didn’t have material wealth, not forgetting about the little guy. I thought that maybe he was a figure like Martin Luther King or Malcolm X.

Perhaps more than religious ideology, my faith in God hinged on the belief that humans are here on Earth because something intentionally created us. That seemed like common sense to me. Then, I took my first evolutionary biology class. Because I had grown up in faith schools, this was the first time that I was introduced to the concept of evolution. I had taken all of the biology, physics, and chemistry classes at my high school, and evolution wasn’t mentioned once. My first evolutionary biology class explained how life can evolve naturally, without a divine hand. That, looking back, was the true death blow to my faith. For a while, I hung on to an amorphous idea of a God or a higher being, but toward my junior year of college, I realized that I was an atheist.

My evolutionary biology professor at the University of Maryland-College Park would say, “If you can find something that proves evolution wrong, please bring it to me because I need that in order to be a good scientist.” That method of reasoning — demanding evidence for beliefs — had so much of an impact on me that I decided to make a career as a scientist. The scientific method invites people to have an adult discussion; it is an invitation for open dialogue. As I was being taught science in college, I didn’t feel as though I needed to resist its methodology because science wasn’t taught as an us-versus-you game. The focus was on having a discussion to determine the theory or idea that best explains what’s going on in the world. Because I was approached in such a professional way, I didn’t instantly resist the challenge to my preconceptions and religious ideas. Nobody was trying to fight me, which is why I was so open to new possibilities. Now, as a secularist, I feel that that approach is extremely important in reaching out to creationists and believers in intelligent design.

Evolution has become such a tremendous unifier of knowledge for me. I was raised in a pretty great family, in a great neighborhood. I have not experienced a whole lot of craziness in my life. I was a very happy child and a very happy teenager. My father did pass away a couple of months before I went to college, but I understand that death is a part of life. The concept of evolution was able to explain why so many bad things happen to great people; religious ideas and theories couldn’t. I thank Catholics for teaching me about the suffering in the world; my archdiocese in Washington was very active with the poor, so I got a lot of first-hand contact with how hard life is for so many people. But the suffering of innocents is not a minor detail that religions should be able to brush under the carpet. In truth, the reason for suffering is due to the fact that there’s no one at the wheel of the universe. In a very real way, evolution — and its revelation that we’re all literally family — has increased my empathy.

A lot of people believe that evolution took place long ago in some far-distant past. That’s true, but it is important to understand that evolution happens all the time. There now exists a bacterium that has evolved to be able to digest nylon, a material that has existed for only 75 years. This particular species of bacteria has evolved a way to survive on nylon because bacteria can multiply at high rates, with many mutations occurring from one generation to the next. That evolutionary adaptation, seen here in bacteria, is a central mantra of biology and is crucial for developing new and effective medicine. When a doctor, for example, tells his or her patient to continue to take antibiotics, that instruction is given because bacteria can evolve resistance to drugs. That’s all part of the evolutionary process, and understanding that process is vital for decreasing human suffering.

As I became a budding scientist in college, I began to look at the existence of God scientifically in order to see whether the existence of a God could stand on its own weight. If the idea were correct, I reasoned, then that fact wouldn’t need me to believe in it in order for it to be true, like gravity. Ideas that become scientific facts make accurate predictions about the world around us. The Bible’s predictions, I found, were often wrong, and when their inaccuracies were discovered, people were very often instructed to ignore those inaccuracies under the guise of faith.

I began to be committed to believing in things only if they stood on their own merits. I didn’t know how I could be a Christian and laugh at the medicine men in African tribes. How could I chuckle at Wiccans? It was a powerful moment for me when I let go of mysticism while maintaining my curiosity and staying humble. It was such a liberating feeling, such a powerfully elegant solution to how to look at the world. I began to apply that mindset to all areas of my life, to my relationships with my family and friends and to my academic and research career too. I started to realize that there are facts in this world that are just waiting to be uncovered once I get smarter and discover their truth.

Still, for a while, I did have a hard time accepting that I was starting to lose my faith because so many things that I had done in life were centered around my religious beliefs. As a black man, once I say, “I’m an atheist, I don’t believe in God,” I’ve cut myself off from 95% of the black female population. That was a hard thing to accept at age 21. It was scary, and I had no idea what was going to happen. At the same time, I felt awesome. I was on an absolute thrill ride and, in a way, I’m still on it.

Like many of the things that I had been taught as a child, I realized that I had to let go of certain beliefs; I had to grow up. I needed to find my own voice and my own identity. I craved my newfound reality-based, evidenced-based thinking and was able to pursue it without losing a sense of awe and a sense of spirituality. Over time, I realized that I wasn’t alone, that I wasn’t a bad person for losing my faith, that there was still a lot of love in the world without a divine supreme being. In fact, I now feel even more capable of giving and receiving love because I don’t have a middleman. I know that the love that I get from others is not the result of a divine being who allows me to receive that love. I receive love because the people I love love me back. It’s their fault that I’m loved so much. I’ve come to view the people around me as my Gods and my Goddesses. They are my saviors. They are the ones who keep me when I need them. They are there for me when something’s wrong. And when nobody’s around and I get through difficult situations by myself, that gives me a renewed sense of confidence in who I am and what I’m capable of doing.

Eventually, I became more comfortable with my atheism. I came out to my mom, which I had been scared to do. I sat down with her and simply said, “I don’t believe in God.” She asked, “You don’t believe in anything?” I replied, “The whole Jesus, God, heaven, and hell thing, no, I don’t really believe in it.” I had thought that my mom was incredibly Catholic when I was growing up. I expected hellfire and brimstone to rain down upon me when I told her that I was an atheist. To my surprise, she turned to me and she said, “You know, I don’t really buy half of that stuff either.”

I had known her, at that point, for 27 years, my entire life, and in reality, I didn’t really know how she actually felt about religion. She told me, “When your father died, I didn’t think he went to heaven or hell. I think his body is in a hole in the ground.” While she is spiritual and wouldn’t consider herself an atheist, she’s not into organized religion. After coming out to my mom, I started to become even more vocal about the subject with my friends and my family.

It’s interesting how my new worldview has influenced the way that I think about history. Because of evolution, I know that my ancestors got through this world alone without any divine help. I know that I have descended from people who made it, the survivors, the winners. In fact, we all come from survivors; we all come from winners. That truth strikes me as a much more powerful idea than the idea that a benevolent God has allowed our ancestors to survive, keeping us on life support. If anyone doesn’t think of the thousands of generations of human beings who have survived against incredible odds as an inspiring fact, then I don’t know where their heart is. That idea puts a smile on my face when I wake up in the morning. I have the bravery and will of my ancestors to thank for putting me here, not a God. I have gratitude for my true heroes: the people who developed asthma medication so that I can breathe and the people who have built reliable shelter so that I’m not freezing on cold nights.

Being an atheist has had its challenges, though. I have had relationships that were completely sidetracked simply because I am not religious. A few times, when I’ve been talking to a girl, and we’d both become quite interested in each other, eventually she would ask me, “Do you want to come to church with me and praise the Lord?” I would reply, “I’m not really into the ‘praise the Lord’ thing.” Her response is usually the same: “Well, okay, that’s great. Nice talking to you.”

It’s tough. It’s difficult to find a nonreligious black woman. It has taken its toll on me. I get lonely. The stigma of being an atheist is one of the worst parts about living in a predominantly Christian country in a predominantly Christian region in a predominantly Christian culture. I don’t feel that I would date only nonbelievers. In my recent experience, though, dating nonreligious girls has been what’s worked best for me.

In fact, my current girlfriend is as nonreligious as I am. I look at nonreligious couples, and I see a level of connection, of love, of cherishing life that I don’t generally see with couples who are supposedly joined under God. Many religious couples get married because they want to have sex. They believe that their union is something that needs to be preserved because it is ordained by a third-party. I believe people lose a lot of freedom in those relationships. My girlfriend and I, for example, know that we can get married. But if, over time, we don’t like each other, we shouldn’t be with each other. We shouldn’t feel any pressure to get married because we want to have a healthy physical relationship. We shouldn’t be following anybody else’s rules except for the ones that we create for ourselves. A lot of the nonreligious relationships that I see are absolutely beautiful because they get to follow their own path, set their own goals. It makes their relationships, I think, a lot more fulfilling.

In the black community, I’m Bigfoot. I’m the unicorn. I’m the Loch Ness monster. People like me are not supposed to exist. Atheism isn’t discussed in the black community. I’m in graduate school now, and I helped to start the Secular Students at Howard University. One of the reasons why I wanted to start the group was because when I got to Howard, I looked on the event bulletin and only saw Christian groups. Every group discussing religion viewed the subject from a faith-affirming point of view. There was no outlet to discuss religion from a secular angle. I wanted to bring that conversation to my university.

Because of my involvement in the secular group, there are people at my school who won’t talk to me anymore. They think that the devil is trying to get them to fall away from the Lord, that the devil is speaking through me, that the devil is trying his best to convince the world that he doesn’t exist. I don’t want to demonize black people in general, but the vast majority of blacks are not responsive to my perspective, and they generally don’t want to be involved with me.

To a degree, I understand their point of view. As blacks came up in America and developed their own culture, religion was a central component of African American life. Black people don’t have babysitters. They don’t do Kaplan programs for their kids. They don’t do psychologists. They do the church. They do Bible study and tutoring in math and science. When they’re having marriage problems, they go to the pastor and ask him how to fix the problem. Everything comes out of the church, everything.

Even with some feelings of isolation, I feel much happier with how I now approach the planet, people, my issues, my problems, and my education. The world makes so much more sense to me. I value the relationships that I have in the secular community through my secular friends, through secular organizations, perhaps more than I did through churches and pastors and deacons and bishops. I feel as though my new community appreciates the love that we have for each other much more than did the people who thought that love was coming from up-on-high as opposed to coming from you, from me.

If I could give advice to a young me, I would tell myself to question authority. One of my biggest problems with 14-year-old Mark is that 14-year-old Mark was a bright kid, a nice kid, but he believed what people told him. He was happy to be the worker bee. He was happy to be the chess pawn. In a lot of families, black families, children are not allowed to question their elders. I would tell him to question everybody. Do it respectfully, but question everything, and you’ll be okay.

XIV.

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Harrison Hopkins: South Carolina Secularist

“I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ‘make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,’ thus building a wall of separation between Church and State.”

— Thomas Jefferson, “Letter to the Danbury Baptists”

Harrison Hopkins has never been particularly religious. In his junior year at Laurens District 55 High in Laurens, SC, a public school, he learned that the graduating class was required to vote at an annual senior class meeting on whether a prayer should be read at graduation. After doing some research, he contacted the South Carolina ACLU and the Freedom From Religion Foundation to inform them about the vote. Laurens High responded, after receiving a letter from the FFRF, stating that the prayer would not take place.

Once the prayer issue hit the local news, attention grew. He was told that Jesus loved him by some and that he would be jumped by others. On graduation night, the student body president, one of the speakers at the ceremony, stated that the controversy had strengthened his faith. He decided to read a prayer, which was greeted with a round of applause. Harrison isn’t particularly surprised that his desire to remove the school prayer has been treated with such hostility, as he understands that many within his South Carolina community have never had their religious faith challenged. He says he wants basic fairness and for religious people to understand that their religion is one of many, that no religion deserves special privilege within a public school or government.

I was born and raised in the South. When my parents divorced when I was in first grade, I lived with my dad. I went to church on Wednesdays with my neighbors up the road from first to fifth grade, mostly for social reasons. I moved in with my mom, in Southport, NC, a coastal city, in sixth grade. I miss that place. During my eighth grade year, we moved inland to Deep Run, NC, which is in the middle of nowhere. My mom and I never went to church. Later, I moved back in with my dad in Waterloo, SC.

I can’t remember a time when I truly believed in God or religion. Like everyone else, I was born an atheist. Unlike most everyone else, I was never forced into attending church when I was young. I didn’t know the word “atheist” until I was in seventh or eighth grade. I was on the computer, and I came across it. I looked it up, and I thought, “That’s what I am!”

My old home in Deep Run was in a rural area where everyone is really religious. When I told people that I was an atheist, they had no idea what that was. They thought it meant that I was a devil worshipper. I had the fun job of explaining to them that I was not. I enrolled at Laurens District 55 High at the start of my junior year. Here in Laurens, I have been the only outspoken atheist. Until recently, though, there hadn’t been any problems.

During my junior year, I learned about my public high school’s graduation ceremony. I found out that the school puts the choice of whether or not to hold a prayer at the graduation ceremony to a vote by the graduating senior class. When I learned this, I was in my AP U.S. History class. My teacher stressed that this procedure was in place as a way for the school to legally put prayer into the graduation ceremony. That didn’t sound quite right to me. I started doing research on my own and found the case of Eric Workman, who had been the valedictorian at Greenwood High School in Greenwood, SC. His school did the exact same thing that mine was attempting to do, and he filed a complaint with the Freedom From Religion Foundation. The dispute ended up going to court, and the court ruled in Eric’s favor, stating that the school could not leave the decision of whether to have a prayer at a public school’s graduation ceremony up to a vote. I was hopeful that I might be able to do something to stop my school from holding such a vote, too.

In January of my senior year, I started looking up information on the subject again because my graduation was only a few months away. I stumbled across a Facebook group for Jessica Ahlquist, who, I found, had been fighting the display of a prayer banner in her public high school in Cranston, Rhode Island. I joined the group. In one of the group chats on the page, I mentioned that my school had historically held a prayer at graduation following the results of a vote by the senior class. I was interested in doing something about it.

In April, I learned that a senior class meeting was to be held. I decided to ask around and find out what was supposed to happen there. I discovered that, as I expected, the purpose of the meeting was to vote to determine whether or not we would have a prayer at graduation. I came home and began investigating who I would need to contact. While doing that, I got a Facebook message from Jessica Ahlquist asking if I was going to do anything about the vote. I decided to act.

I filed a complaint with the Freedom From Religion Foundation and the South Carolina ACLU. The next day I received a response from the FFRF stating that they had sent a letter to my school explaining why the vote was illegal, stressing that prayer at public high school graduation ceremonies had been ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, and that the school needed to immediately stop the holding the vote. This happened a week before the meeting was to be held. At the meeting, there was no mention of the possibility of a prayer. There was no vote. I thought, “That was easy.” In the packet that they handed out, however, there was a document that said that the graduation ceremony would not be over until a prayer had been read.

I scanned that page and sent it to the Freedom From Religion Foundation and the ACLU. They both sent letters to the school asking for assurance that there would not be a prayer at graduation. The school finally responded and said that while the vote had been cancelled, they still believed there had been no court with jurisdiction over South Carolina that had ruled that prayer was unconstitutional at public high school graduation ceremonies in all circumstances. They contended that by following a law in South Carolina, the South Carolina Student-Led Messages Act, they were still allowed to give speakers time to deliver an opening and closing message that the school could not review. Despite the ambiguity, I still won a partial victory: the possibility of an official, school-sponsored prayer no longer existed.

My desire to remove the prayer from the ceremony stems from a desire for basic fairness. Prayer at a public high school graduation ceremony excludes people who aren’t of the Christian faith, not to mention that it violates the First Amendment of the Constitution. There is no telling how many other atheists, Jews, Muslims, or people of different faiths have gone through my school’s ceremony and felt as though the graduation ceremony wasn’t as much theirs as it was any Christian’s. I thought that it was time for somebody to stand up and tell the school that what they were doing was not right. We’re supposed to have a secular government, and the schools are part of the government.

Initially, once word leaked that the possibility of a school-sponsored prayer had been removed, only a few people knew about it. I heard from my friend that in her journalism class, people were talking about it, that students were calling me a jerk, an asshole. Eventually, a parent heard about the cancellation of the vote and contacted the local news. I had no idea about this until a friend of mine saw a news van at school and found that the local news was interviewing a student who was in support of having prayer at graduation. My friend put me on the phone with the news anchor, and I ended up driving to school to be interviewed.

Once the interview aired that night, everything blew up. Facebook went crazy. People were posting things such as the following: “For those who got our annual prayer taken out of my graduation, I’ll pray for you.” Another: “Harrison Hopkins, I do not know you personally, but tonight you need lots of prayer for being the one wanting to take prayer out of graduation. How can the district let one student’s feelings overpower all of the others? If this happens, I’ll be seriously disappointed with my alma mater.” Another: “There will be a prayer June 2nd. You’re not taking that away from us. Enjoy burning in hell.” Another: “I think it’s ridiculous that a prayer can’t be said at graduation because somebody doesn’t feel included. When have you ever been?” Another: “Congratulations to Laurens County School District for caving to one person’s demands. If my school would have caved to me, I would have been a straight-A student and not learned a darn thing. And now, a message to the student body with one exception: I am not a fan of senseless violence, but this kid needs to be taken out back and had his ass kicked to beat some sense into him.”

When I went to school the next day, everyone seemed to know who I was. People stared at me in the halls. Nobody actually came up to me and said anything to my face, but sometimes when I’d have my back turned, students would yell things like “Jesus loves you!” My lunch table was interesting. I sat with a rather diverse group of people. There was me, the atheist; my best friend, who was spiritual but nonreligious; a lesbian; her girlfriend, who was a rather hardcore Christian; and a bunch of other people who varied from extremely religious to not religious at all. We got into some intense arguments that day. It evolved into a shouting match. Somebody called me close-minded because I was trying to force a secular graduation ceremony. Some of the people I argued with during lunch removed me as their friend on Facebook. I heard rumors that people were planning to jump me. One day not long after that, I was driving my best friend home, and we passed two young men in camouflage on four wheelers driving the opposite way on the street. We passed them and ended up at a stop sign about a mile down the road. I looked in my rear-view mirror; they were behind us, flipping us off.

On graduation night itself, I decided that I wasn’t going to be afraid of anybody. The student body president ended up saying a prayer during his speech. I can’t remember exactly what he said, but he opened the prayer along these lines: “I’d like to thank our teachers, our principal, and our administration, but there’s one other person I’d like to thank, and that person is God. Would you please join me in prayer?” He read a prayer that ended with “in Jesus’s name we pray, amen.”

The prayer was greeted by applause and cheering from the crowd. The valedictorian mentioned the controversy in his speech. He said that while we had this division, we should still realize that we were all graduating together. He went on to say that his faith had been strengthened by the prayer fiasco and that, while he understood my opposition, he was glad that there was a prayer at his graduation. Later, a friend told me that while he was sitting in the audience, he overheard people behind him talking about wanting to find me to beat me up after the ceremony. None of that happened, perhaps because of the police that were walking through the crowd. Walking to my car after the ceremony, somebody yelled, “God loves you!”

During graduation, I wasn’t really scared because if somebody had decided to beat me up, that would have further proved my point. I suppose I was just indifferent to the people who were against me because I knew that I was right, and the threats weren’t going to impact me. If I lost any friends because of it, they obviously weren’t that good of friends anyways.

My maternal grandmother still has no idea that I’m an atheist. In fact, nobody on my mother’s side knows. Even though my grandmother came to my graduation, I was able to hide the issue well enough that she gave me Rick Warren’s The Purpose Driven Life, Rick Warren’s The Purpose Driven Life Journal, and The Daily Bible.

I live in South Carolina, so I was not particularly surprised that there would be some backlash, but I didn’t know that it would elevate to the extent that it did. I didn’t expect the criticism to be as negative as it was. My best friend’s girlfriend’s grandmother actually appeared on a newscast using a “majority rules” argument, saying that she was starting a petition to get the prayer officially added back to the program the following year.

Most people in this part of the country have never had anyone challenge their religious beliefs. They’ve been surrounded by Christians their entire lives. It’s a huge culture shock for them to know that somebody doesn’t believe in God. I understand where they’re coming from, but I don’t condone their intolerance. I think that anybody can and should realize that what I did was not an attack on Christianity. I was upholding the law.

Despite the negativity, I did receive some support. A close friend argued publicly in favor of removing the prayer from the ceremony so much that, at the beginning, people actually thought that she was the one who filed the complaint. A few times, when I was walking through the halls at school, I’d have people come up to me and say, “I support what you’re doing. I’m an atheist, too, and I don’t think a prayer should be read.” I even had a few people come up to me and say, “I’m a Christian, and I agree with what you’re doing. I don’t think prayer should be a part of graduation.”

Most of my support came from the internet. I started a group on Facebook called “Support the End of School-Sponsored Prayer at LDHS graduation.” It ended up attracting 160 members. Some people who found me on Facebook messaged me saying, “I graduated from LDHS years ago, and I thought the prayer didn’t belong there either, so thank you for finally standing up and saying something.”

If it wasn’t for the internet, I can’t say that I would have done what I did. I think that the internet is helping to fuel the secular movement because atheists like myself in predominantly Christian communities are able to find other people like them online, on places like Reddit and Facebook.

The internet has already connected me with the movement and its participants. Recently, I attended the Center for Inquiry’s Student Leadership Conference, where Jessica Ahlquist, Damon Fowler, and I were all on a panel discussing high school activism. We told our stories and got a standing ovation. Being surrounded by so many like-minded people, and not having to hide anything from them, made for an awesome experience. It really motivated me to keep on working.

I think that the secular movement is becoming huge. People are coming out as secular and as atheists in all areas of the country and the world. This year, there were only a few high school activists like me who were making headlines to ensure the separation of church and state. Next year, I imagine that there will be even more. I hope we can have a major impact on society.

Before all of this happened, I didn’t do much in my life. I found something that actually means something to me. I can’t say that it’s negatively influenced me in any way. It has made me realize that yes, I’m an atheist, and no, I’m not going to hide that, and no, I don’t have to sit back whenever Christians or people of any faith are breaking the law.

I want religious people to realize that their religion is not the only one in the world and that they should not be chastising anyone else for their minority religious views or trying to force their religion on others. I want people to open their eyes and realize that they need to be accepting of people who don’t agree with their religious beliefs. People claim that this is a Christian nation, when in fact we have a secular government. Some try to argue that because God is mentioned in the Pledge of Allegiance, the United States is a Christian nation. In fact, “One nation, under God” wasn’t added to the Pledge of Allegiance until the 1950s, when the U.S. government felt that it was fighting “Godless Communism.” No one religion deserves a higher place in our public institutions than any other.

I have no regrets about what I’ve done, and I feel that it has helped me grow as a person. I’ve found something that I’d like to stay involved in throughout my life. I want to inspire students like Jessica has inspired me, to come out and fight against First Amendment infringements in public schools. I hope to help the movement grow, to reach out to people, and let them know that they are not alone. I’ve found a way to give my life meaning without God.

XV.

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Moiz Malik Khan: An Atheist Ex-Muslim in America

“I do not believe in a personal God, and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly.

“If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.”

— Albert Einstein

If one wanted a youthful perspective on the relationship between Islam and the West, striking up a conversation with Moiz Malik Khan would be a good starting point. Born in Pakistan, Moiz moved with his family to the United States when he was two years old. Moiz, a devout Muslim growing up, first fasted during Ramadan at age eight, consistently prayed five time a day, and, with his relatives, went to Koranic study classes throughout his teenage years. A YouTube video of Richard Dawkins began an investigation into his faith that would eventually lead him away from Islam.

There is no word for “atheist” in Arabic, only one for “nonbeliever,” one who knows that God exists but will not admit so openly. Moiz became exposed to the idea of atheism through his study of philosophy and history, as well as through the scientific theories that challenged the fundamental tenets of his religion. As he lost his faith, he began to tell his family. He found, surprisingly, that many of his Muslim relatives were receptive to his ideas. While he recognizes that secularizing the Muslim world will take time, he’s optimistic that modern technology can play a crucial role in speeding up that process.

I was born in Pakistan, which is quite a religious country. On all of the national ID cards in Pakistan, the religion of each citizen is listed. In fact, people are not allowed to buy alcohol in Pakistan if their ID lists them as a Muslim. When I was two years old, my family moved from my native country to the United States because the rest of my family was also moving to America for economic reasons.

My mom is much more religious than my dad, which is the case in most of the marriages in my family. My dad is a poet in the Urdu language. He, like many people in the arts, is less dogmatic about religion than those outside of it. That fact has always led to strife within my family. For example, when I was younger, my mom really wanted me to learn the Koran in Arabic. My dad believed that it was more important for me to be learning English. My mother ended up winning that one.

I was quite religious when I was young. Throughout my childhood, I attended Koranic classes. It’s like Sunday school but a little more frequent in the sense that it’s held more or less every day. I would always go right after school. My mom would pay religious leaders from the local mosque to teach my cousins and me.

I really enjoyed that education, and I became devout. One of the most important elements of being a Muslim is fasting during the month of Ramadan. It’s not necessarily encouraged for younger kids to participate, primarily for health reasons, because during Ramadan, Muslims, from sunrise to sunset, go without any water, drink, or food. Beginning at age eight, I tried to fast too. Around the age of puberty, Muslims are supposed to begin praying five times a day; I started doing that as well. I was heavily engrossed in the culture and never questioned the tenets of the faith.

I was in sixth grade and living in New York City on September 11, 2001. I remember that day. As a Muslim, I didn’t understand the intellectual rationale for the terrorists’ actions. I questioned whether or not Muslims would commit murder. I considered that it might have been a conspiracy; a good portion of my family still believes that it was. My family is filled with very peaceful people, and they had a difficult time believing that Muslims would act violently. My father believed that 9/11 was a conspiracy because Islam had been growing at such a fast rate in the West, a fact that Western Judeo-Christian culture didn’t like. After that day, all of the sudden, being a Muslim meant something different than it had previously. Muslims became a cultural group in America that became somewhat discriminated against.

I was still quite religious at that time. I was devoted to praying five times a day, to going to the mosque as frequently as I could, to constantly reading the Koran. At one point, I could recite the entire Koran without reading it or looking at it, even though, because it was in Arabic, I didn’t know what the words meant. In fact, that’s generally how the Koran is taught. As time passed, I eventually read it in English. When I did, and began voicing my doubts, my parents dismissed my skepticism because they felt that the version of the Koran that I was reading was most likely an inaccurate translation.

Reading the Koran had a profound influence on me. It goes without saying that it, like many other books, promotes violence in some way. There are verses, for example, that really do instruct Muslims to kill nonbelievers; it is clear what the penalty for apostasy is. My family would never follow such commandments, though.

It wasn’t until high school that I came across the idea of atheism. I started reading about Albert Einstein. I had been told that he was a very religious man, which, I found, is not true. I wanted to learn more about the religious thoughts of people like Einstein, particularly because I was interested in science and philosophy. During that time, I came across an online video of Richard Dawkins. To a seemingly religious person, he asked, “What if you’re wrong?” Initially, Dawkins’s challenge made me even more religious. Periodically, though, when I was doing normal daily things like taking a shower, I would wonder about that question and think, “There is actually a good chance that I might be wrong about Islam.”

I started reading more and more about atheism. I began to realize that its arguments were much more intellectually satisfying than those of my religion. Becoming an atheist was a very gradual thing for me; it took about six or eight months. I kept reading Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and Sam Harris. I read Plato. Those writings truly influenced my intellectual thinking. As they pointed out, religion begins with an assumption that God exists. Once you buy into that assumption, then you can rationalize nearly anything after that. Rarely do people question that original assumption. They encouraged me to do just that. By the time I fully identified as nonreligious, a nonbeliever, an atheist, by the time I recognized that that’s actually who I am, I had had a long time to come to terms with that fact.

I first told my brothers and sisters because I thought that they might be able to best relate to my new beliefs. They hadn’t been as religious as me growing up, and over time, I was able to argue them out of their own lingering religious beliefs. Next, I told my cousins. In time, they became nonreligious. Interestingly, despite their departure from Islam, most of them still list their religion as “Muslim” on Facebook, even though they’re now atheists.

My parents gradually realized that I had become an atheist because of the large collection of atheistic literature that I began to compile in our home. They didn’t bring up the topic with me because they wanted to avoid conflict. I’ve still never talked with my mom at length about the subject. Whenever we go to one of my cousins’ houses, she tells me to fake it, even if I don’t believe.

I’m fascinated by the way I was able to de-convert my relatives from my generation. They’ve become atheists largely because I kept poking them, pointing out when I thought that they weren’t making good religious arguments. In fact, all of the family members I’m close with in age are now nonreligious, which is unique because atheists from a Pakistani background are rare.

It’s a different story with my family members who are older. People who have spent 60 years of their lives dedicated to Islam know that they would be ostracized if they publicly stated that they no longer believed in God. That would be an admission that they — and their entire family — had lived most of their life falsely. That’s not something most people would want or be willing to believe. I understand their resistance to change. I still haven’t come out completely to all of my family because if I did, I’d likely be ostracized, too. People probably wouldn’t call me as much. People likely wouldn’t invite me to their homes.

Overall, for me, the most important argument against religion and against Islam is the theory of evolution. I find the scientific method to be a tremendous methodology for attempting to explain the natural order of things. In my experience, I’ve found that religion can cripple people’s ability to recognize scientific fact. I have an uncle who has his Ph.D. from Yale, yet he doesn’t believe in evolution. He says that if the Koran says that pigs were turned into men, then that’s the way that humans were created. He’s a very educated man, but he views evolution as humanity’s way of trying to disprove religion, which he believes is something that science shouldn’t do. On a day to day basis, though, he’s a practicing biomedical engineer.

I do think that I understand certain psychological elements of religion. There’s a certain “ask and you shall receive” element to it. If someone implores their mind to feel a certain way, their mind might actually produce that effect. My religious experiences worked that way in some sense. When I would pray, I was relaxed and realized that there are bigger, more important things in life than momentary problems. Religious exercises can have the same effect that any other meditation does. I’ve seen old Egyptian paintings of people praying in very similar ways to the way in which Muslims pray now. It doesn’t really matter what you’re chanting, for example, it just matters that you’re chanting something in a repetitive way, that you’re directing your focus to clear your mind.

Sam Harris mentions in his books that it is possible to detach the benefits of meditation from spiritual mumbo jumbo. When people have incredibly powerful spiritual experiences, I don’t think that they’re lying about how profound those moments are. I just don’t think that there’s a God behind them. Instead, I think they’re caused by a certain state of consciousness, a fact that science is beginning to reveal. In fact, the Dalai Lama, for example, says, “If science proves Buddhism wrong about its tenets, we’ll go with the science.” I appreciate that, but that also makes me wonder, “What’s the point of faith?” Once you start thinking of your brain as a physical object with a chemical basis, you realize that if you alter the chemicals in your brain, you can feel differently. I think that’s pretty obvious, but it’s also an interesting idea. My dad, for example, has become less and less religious because of some of the points that I’ve made to him, but he still prays even though I’m not sure that he still believes in God. He has spent most of his life praying five times a day, and I think he would still enjoy it even if he determined that there was no supreme being behind its benefits.

After becoming nonreligious, one difference that I noticed between the Christian way of life in America and the Islamic way of life in America is that the idea of being an atheist is often discussed in American Christianity, whereas that idea never comes to the attention of those being raised in the Islamic faith. When I was younger, the only options that I knew were Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Hinduism. I understood that they were different faiths, but I was convinced that everyone believed in some form of religion, some form of God.

There are parallels to this on the global scale, too. In the Islamic world, people never really come across the idea that God may simply not exist. I have a cousin who recently came to the United States from Pakistan; he hadn’t ever heard of the concept of atheism until I introduced it to him. I think that one of the major difficulties in secularizing the Islamic world is that most Muslims don’t know that this idea is even a possibility. There’s no word for atheist in Arabic. The closest word connoting that idea is a word for nonbeliever, but a nonbeliever describes someone who knows that God exists but knowingly rejects God. A prerequisite for becoming an atheist is knowing about the existence of that word.

It’s crucial that there be safety for Muslims who become nonreligious. Most skeptical Muslims are very much afraid to come out. I am lucky that my family has passively accepted who I am.

Despite my family’s relative acceptance, though, when I go back to Pakistan, I certainly don’t tell anyone about my beliefs. I wouldn’t be allowed to be around some of my cousins anymore if they knew what I believe. In fact, in Pakistan, there is a legitimate chance that something violent would happen to someone who came out as an atheist.

Despite its religious conservatism, I do believe that the Middle East will secularize, although I think that it will happen very slowly. I have seen, for example, only one or two Pakistani atheist groups on Facebook, while I have seen many more Facebook groups that are attempting to remove the atheist pages. In fact, I’ve gotten many invites from my own family members asking me to support a cause to remove an atheist group from that website. This will be a very slow and long process.

For me, being an atheist is more liberating than anything. I’m liberated from praying five times a day. At one point, when I was really religious, I would attend religious services on Friday nights from 9:00 PM to 3:00 AM. Much of my life has been given back to me. It has also been mentally liberating because I no longer have a constant fear of going to hell.

Now, instead of the Koran, my ethical influences come from Plato, from Aristotle. If anything, I think my atheism has improved my ethics in the sense that I realize that there is only one life to live, and I don’t want to treat people poorly. I think I’m a nicer person now, and I am more aware of human suffering. Because of that, I donate more to charities. My eyes have been opened, which has increased my empathy.

XVI.

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Yerret J. Maclovich: My Father’s I’s

“It is only in our decisions that we are important.”

— Jean-Paul Sartre

A dad’s influence over his son is incalculable. When the father of Yerret J. Maclovich (a pseudonym) was growing up, he was dedicated to Zen Buddhism. Later in life, when diagnosed with a rare autoimmune disorder, Yerret’s father, terrified of his illness, decided to give his life over to Jesus. Yerret watched as his dad, confronting possible death, begged and cried for his life. This had a profound influence on Yerret, and he decided that he never wanted to face life’s end with desperation.

Although he was afraid of falling out of favor with both God and his father while he was considering atheism, Yerret was inspired by his former boss, an entrepreneurial atheist, who attempted to link his fate to his own will. Yerret’s secular worldview has motivated him to change his priorities. A poor student in his youth — who often thought that perhaps Jesus would come and fix his life for him — he’s motivated by the idea that our lives are in our own hands.

I was born in New Orleans, but I spent the majority of my childhood in Chattanooga Valley, Tennessee, right in the heart of the Bible Belt. My mother was a member of the Unitarian Church. She is a theist but never became particularly religious. In his 20s, my dad studied Zen Buddhism at a monastery in Georgia. For a time, Buddhism had a profound influence on him. Growing up, whenever I’d have trouble in my life, he would always say, “Be in the here and now.”

The influence of religion was always present in Tennessee. I remember people would often say, “God has a plan for you.” When I was in the first grade, in my public elementary school, for the first two months of school, my class held Bible study. I often got kicked out of that class because I asked too many questions. One day, the teacher came into class and said, “I don’t necessarily agree with it, but the school board has told me that I’m no longer allowed to teach the Bible.” For those first couple of months, the teacher had been glorifying God, telling the class that we should want to go to heaven and not to hell.

My parents eventually separated, and when they did, my dad began to make sure that I went to church. Later in life, he explained to me that he took me there because of religion’s social benefits, that he was a single dad trying to do the right thing for his child. Plus, there was free food on Wednesday nights.

I didn’t realize how religious Chattanooga Valley truly was until I got outside of the South. We moved to Pickering, Ontario, in Canada, when I was 14. I immediately realized how much more secular that community was than the one in which I had been living. Church and prayer didn’t seem to be a central theme in people’s lives. In school, no one prayed before class.

When I was in high school, my dad developed an immune system deficiency, a disorder where one’s body thinks that it’s constantly under attack. His body would constantly swell up and itch everywhere. Even though he went to the Mayo Clinic, for about five years, doctors had no idea what was wrong with him. Eventually, he received the correct diagnosis and learned that he’s one of seven people in the world who has his specific syndrome.

As he began to receive his treatment, he started to change. He was in a lot of pain and was scared for his life. He started to become incredibly religious. Prior to his illness, we would have conversations on any number of subjects, and he would give very analytical insights. After he was diagnosed, in response to questions, he often began to say, “That’s just the way God made the world.” I grew up receiving thorough, thought-out answers from my father. To see that switch was quite difficult to watch.

His religiosity only grew as time passed. About two years after high school, I was trying to figure out what I was going to do with my life. My dad called me and told me to come to our house. I got on the bus and went over. There were two people there. They introduced themselves and said that they were spiritual healers who were going to cure my father of his immune system disorder. Then, they went up to my dad and asked, “Do you want to be healed? Do you want Jesus to enter your life?” He cried out, “Yes, yes!” They started speaking in tongues. My dad was crying, screaming, “Jesus Christ, Lord, Savior of Men! Please save me! I don’t know what to do anymore!” He was begging for his life.

To this day, my dad continues to seek help from faith healers. He keeps a big picture of Jesus in his room and prays every night. Watching that event — and his overall transformation — had a huge impact on me. I decided that I didn’t ever want to beg for my life. When it’s time for me to pass, I want to be able to die knowing that this is it, knowing that I’ve lived a good life. I knew that I wanted to live a life free of superstition, but I wasn’t quite sure how I would ground my personal philosophy without religion.

The change in my overall outlook on life occurred very gradually. I remember at one point thinking, “What do I actually know? What actually exists?” Right around that time, I began working for an atheist. He always told me, “If you want something to happen, you’re going to have to go do it yourself.” The way that he lived inspired me. He didn’t rely on anyone else to get anything done for him. He was a human being, and he had the capacity within himself to run a demanding business.

Books also began to influence me. John-Paul Sartre’s thoughts on existentialism and humanism had a tremendous impact. I found his idea that, ultimately, we humans are responsible for everything, to be true. I agreed with his idea that we each should live to create the world as we think it should be.

These ideas changed me. When I was younger, I didn’t do very well in school, and I wasn’t particularly concerned with my future. I took life day to day. My new, nonreligious perspective motivated me to get the most out of myself. The realization that what happens in my life is up to me, that no one can do it for me, made me want to take control of my life.

I knew that, eventually, I would need to discuss my beliefs with my dad. One night while we were having dinner together, he started promulgating the idea that God is great. I finally said, “I think I’m an atheist.” He told me, “You know, that’s evil. It’s evil not to believe that Jesus Christ was the son of God.” We had a small fight, and he even kicked me out of his car. I’m afraid that if any religious person reads this, they’ll conclude that all atheists have father issues. In truth, over time, we’ve actually grown to have a really good relationship. We’ve agreed to disagree.

What gives me joy in my life is being able to try to change the world to the way that I want it to be. It makes me happy to influence the world with my will. As Sartre noted, you are how you live. In order to be true to yourself and helpful to the world, you must live your beliefs every day.

XVII.

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Jennifer McCreight: The Evolution of Atheism

“If I could give a prize for the single best idea anybody ever had, I’d give it to Darwin. Before Darwin, I think it just stood to reason for just about everybody that it takes a great, big, magnificent, wonderful, intelligent thing to make a lesser thing. You never see a pot making a potter, you never see a horseshoe making a blacksmith. It’s always big, fancy, smart things making stupid things.

And Darwin turned that just upside down. He said, ‘No, we can have an absolutely mindless, ignorant, mechanical process which generates minds.’ Then, we could begin to see how the sorts of things that minds do, that is to say, designing things, creating things, inventing things, could be done by matter.”

— Daniel Dennett

A seventh-grade Jennifer McCreight answered with a nonchalant “no” when asked whether she believed in God. This was just the beginning of her involvement in all things Godless. Once she became aware of the social stigma associated with being an atheist, she frequently withheld her true beliefs until she entered college. As a founder of the only secular group at Purdue University, a public, conservative, predominately Christian college in Indiana, she was surprised by the amount of support that the group received from the student body and its professors. It had 400 people on its mailing list by the time of her graduation, more than most of the Christian clubs on campus.

Jennifer feels as though she went through two phases of atheism: the first, when she wished that religion was true, and the second, when she no longer did. She began to feel incredibly lucky for this one life. Through her college group, numerous speaking engagements, and a popular blog, Jennifer has become a recognizable figure in secular activism. She looks forward to the day when the movement makes itself obsolete.

I grew up in northwest Indiana right on the border of Illinois, in a suburb of Chicago. I was born into a fairly secular household. Both of my parents had been raised in religious families, but when I was growing up, we never went to church. We celebrated Christmas and Easter solely because we liked presents and loved chocolate. In truth, I wasn’t really exposed to religion until I was in middle school, when my peers started talking about the subject. Many of them had begun going to church camps and CCD. I didn’t even realize that religious people existed until then. Around that time, when I was in seventh grade, a friend asked me, “Do you go to church somewhere?” I bluntly responded, “My family doesn’t go to church.” He then asked, “Do you believe in God?” I said, “No, I guess not.” He said, “So you’re an atheist then?” I replied, “Is that what the word means? I guess so.” It was a really simple interaction. I had no idea how big of a deal religion was for so many people.

The middle school that I attended was pretty cool regarding religious discussions. We had Jewish students, Hindu students, Muslim students, and Christian students. No one really seemed to care about religious differences. I remember conversations in which my friends and I would talk about religion and openly ask philosophical questions. Looking back, those were oddly precocious exchanges to be taking place among 12-year-olds. They were more civil than most of the discussions that take place about these topics throughout the country.

Part of the reason I likely resisted religion was because my dad had always instilled in me a healthy dose of skepticism in all subjects. Growing up, he never identified as an outright atheist, but he also made it clear that he didn’t believe that people needed to go to church to be good. He loved to play the devil’s advocate. I remember one time we were watching a commercial that showed two squirrels high-fiving each other. He sarcastically said, “Oh, I wonder how they trained those squirrels to do that!” I said, “Dad, that’s a computer! They don’t train actual squirrels!” He said, “How do you know?” He would always ask silly questions like that to try to get me thinking. He is also a huge history buff and often said that more people had been killed in the name of God than for any other reason. While he has always been very vocal about his skepticism of religion, he never used the “A” word until after I began my own atheist activism much later in life.

My grandparents have always been religious. They’re Greek Orthodox. When I was seven years old, they asked me why our family celebrated Easter. I answered, “Because that’s when the Easter bunny comes!” They were very upset that I had never even heard of Jesus. Since that incident, we’ve had a don’t ask, don’t tell policy regarding religion.

An important intellectual moment happened to me when I was 14. That was the first time that I heard about the theory of evolution. At first, I was convinced that the theory couldn’t be true. I thought, “Life is too complex to have happened naturally” and couldn’t understand how people could answer very basic evolutionary questions.

These concerns were stirring in my head right around the time that I began to participate in the academic competition Science Olympiad. I loved my coach, who was my former science teacher. He was very pro-evolution. When I told him that I couldn’t grasp evolution, rather than ridiculing my confusion, he said, “I understand why,” and he patiently educated me on the subject. I later found out that he’s agnostic.

Looking back, my fundamental source of bewilderment about evolution stemmed from the fact that I couldn’t understand its basic definition. At first, all I knew was that evolution taught that life changed over time, that living organisms somehow got new traits. To me, that seemed nearly impossible. I couldn’t understand how if something evolved to be male, a female would somehow also simultaneously evolve in the exact same way to be its partner. It appeared to me that the two had been intentionally guided to reproduce.

Over time, as I learned more, a light bulb went off in my head. In reality, evolution works very gradually, with many changes taking place over millions and millions of years, having its effects on populations that are isolated from each other. To humans, a year seems like a lot of time, and contemplating millions and millions of years is not easy for us. Beginning to comprehend the time span of evolution — and the changes that can occur within that amount of time — was the tipping point for me. I finally began to see how all of life could have evolved through natural mechanisms.

This subject got me thinking about God and religion. I started to think, “Maybe God does not answer prayers, but there must have been something that set up everything that we see around us, something that has guided life’s process. The universe is too awesome to be explained in some other way.” I believed the “I can’t comprehend it, therefore there must be something” argument for awhile. I went through a deist phase. Eventually, I realized that, in truth, nothing needed to fill that void.

I became totally fascinated with evolution and had been freed from the need for some sort of creator to guide the process of life. For the rest of high school, though, I didn’t call myself an atheist because I had become more aware of that word’s social stigma. I found that as my peers were getting older, they were going to church more, and they were getting involved in religious organizations like the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. I found that if I told someone that I was agnostic, they respected that, like it was a better philosophical position than atheism. To them, it meant that I was still questioning. I think people assumed that if I identified as agnostic, I would eventually agree with their religious perspective. I was very non-confrontational at that time.

The issue of my religious beliefs continued to come up in my personal life, though. I had a very religious, conservative boyfriend at the end of high school. I continued to use the word “agnostic” because I knew that he could deal with that idea. Whenever I actually talked about what agnosticism meant or examined the lack of evidence for God, he would get pretty upset. In retrospect, I think that he was the person in my life who kept me from calling myself an atheist.

At one point during our relationship, he asked me if I would go to church with him. I had never been to church before, but I told him that I would go because I loved him and because I knew how important it was to him. I said that if he wanted me to come with him to check out his church, then I would. The next day, he called me up, and he dumped me. He said that he couldn’t date someone who didn’t want to go to church for the right reason: because they believe in God. That relationship had a significant impact on me. It made me realize that I didn’t have to conceal my identity just to make someone else happy. I realized that, first and foremost, I should be honest.

During the summer before I went to college, I found The God Delusion in Borders. At that point I didn’t know anything about Richard Dawkins or the atheist movement. I thought, “The God Delusion? Who would write such a thing?” I opened it up, and I flipped around the summary. I thought, “Oh my goodness, this is how I feel. I should really buy this book. I’ve never been exposed to anyone who’s felt this way.” I bought it on a whim and brought it with me to school. Reading that book made me realize that I am an atheist, that I shouldn’t be afraid to use the word, that I should try to erase the stigma that’s associated with that word. It made me become a lot more vocal. I realized that I have the right to voice my opinion, too.

As I was establishing this self-confidence, I enrolled at Purdue University for my freshman year. I experienced some culture shock. While Purdue is a secular institution, it’s known in Indiana for being the conservative, religious public university. When I arrived, there were roughly 50 Christian groups on campus. The Christian groups commonly put flyers in everyone’s mailboxes in the dorms. I couldn’t walk through the school grounds without getting stopped by someone asking me to join their religious group. I felt really alone for a while, like I was the only atheist. That was a really weird experience for me because I grew up having so many friends.

I lived in the honors science floor. Most of the students in the dorm were at least skeptical of religion. We began to ask, “Why don’t we have a group? Every religion on campus has a group. Why isn’t there a group for people who aren’t, for people who don’t think religion’s a good thing?” I didn’t know how to start a club, but the idea was of interest to me. Then, an incoming freshman the summer before my sophomore year made a Facebook group called “Purdue Atheists.” A friend found it and pointed it out to me. I messaged the group’s creator, and that summer, we wrote up a constitution and turned in all the necessary forms. When we had our first meeting, I booked a room for 40 seats because I didn’t think anyone would care about it. Over 100 people showed up, and dozens were spilling out into the hallways. That made me realize that our group was really important, and I became very active after that.

Our group meant a lot to its members. Perhaps our best event was a simple public forum that we held, titled “Why I’m an atheist.” People were so relieved to be able to finally talk about why they don’t believe.

There were, however, parts of the student body who didn’t like the group. Many angry letters to the editor were written, saying, “The atheist group members obviously can’t be good people because they’re Godless” and “Why is the atheist group forcing their beliefs on people?” Our flyers were torn down all the time. On a few occasions, people walked by our meetings and yelled, “You’re going to hell!” I got used to this stuff, and it never got me down. Because we were organized, if someone wrote a demeaning letter stating that we were immoral or evil, 10 others were written that said, “No, we’re not, and here’s the evidence.” That had a huge impact on campus.

On the whole, the criticism was outweighed by all the people, including professors, who were supportive of what we were doing. Many times, random people would come up to people in the group and say, “Thank you so much for doing this.” A lot of our supporters never came to the meetings, but I think knowing that we existed made them feel so much better. I received many e-mails expressing that sentiment.

By the time I graduated, the group had over 400 people on its mailing list; we became one of the largest student groups on campus, bigger than most of the religious ones. We were in the local newspaper a lot and even got on the local news a couple of times. The media really liked us. I know some atheist groups have had problems with the media using weasel words or framing them in a negative way, but our local media always gave us really positive coverage. The group was pretty well-known by the time I left.

Outside of my group, my college education only reinforced my atheism. The more I studied, the better I understood evolution. I was able to educate myself past the point of thinking, “This is what scientists believe, so I’m going to trust them.” I know many people say that understanding evolution isn’t what turns people into firm atheists, but that’s exactly what happened to me. For me, being able to look at the world in an informed way and know that all of life exists because of a natural process was the final nail in the supernatural coffin.

My interest in evolution is so great that I decided to become an evolutionary biologist. While I really enjoy explaining how evolution works to anyone, including creationists, I’ve found that I can only reach people who approach the subject with an open mind. A lot of people don’t want to change their mind; they just want to reinforce the belief that they’re right, without truly listening to arguments that might be against their position. It’s most enjoyable to talk to people who are attempting to legitimately examine evolution. I can explain the truth if I’m asked a typical evolutionary question like “Why are there still monkeys if we evolved from monkeys?” I can explain that we didn’t evolve from monkeys, but rather have common ancestors with monkeys and draw a tree showing how the process works. Teaching takes patience because, like any other science, evolutionary biology is not necessarily easy to understand.

Working in science has given me a lot of meaning because I think the field is so important. Through the history of mankind, science has continuously replaced supernatural explanations with natural explanations. I don’t expect that that’s going to be any different in the next 100 years. There are still a lot of big questions that need to be answered, probably most pressingly regarding how the brain actually works. We still really don’t know what’s going on in there. Largely because of our ignorance, the idea that there is some sort of supernatural otherness, a soul that acts like a puppeteer in our brain, has been perpetuated in our culture. We now know that what is happening in all of our brains is a natural process; we just don’t understand many of the specific details. Working out those details will be a huge advance in our understanding of what makes us human, what consciousness is, and what makes us alive. I think that’s super cool. That knowledge will have a huge impact on medicine, especially for those suffering from mental illness. Right now, if someone’s depressed, doctors basically throw drugs at them with a limited understanding of what those drugs are actually doing. We just hope that they work. Our ignorance fuels the stigma of mental disorders. Advances in these areas will help people a lot.

Other areas of scientific inquiry interest me as well. As a biologist, I’m particularly interested in how life first arose on Earth. There are a lot of hypotheses and theories out there, some more supported by evidence than others, but at this point, we really don’t know the full answer. I think that’s a question that scientists can potentially answer. I would love to understand how the first cells or the first organic molecules came to be.

A few years ago, as my scientific and atheistic interests evolved, I started a blog. I have always loved to write. Before I did, I was reading a lot of other blogs that I really enjoyed and thought, “Why not try my own blog? I’m opinionated. I can write these things down.” I started it on a whim, assuming that it would be something that my friends might read. I kept it public just in case anyone else might be interested.

The name of the blog is Blag Hag. The name itself proves that I didn’t believe that it would gain a wide readership. I write, usually at least once a day, about a little bit of everything: atheism, religion, science, sex, political topics, or gay rights. To my delight, it has become relatively popular.

I’m proud that my work has become a part of what I believe is a blossoming secular movement. I look at how much it has grown since I was in high school. We’re starting to get so much air time on television. One of the best things that has come out of the movement is simply letting atheists know that they’re not alone and that it’s okay to identify as an atheist. I think this is only the beginning. Our conferences are starting to draw thousands of people. I think there’s a really big need for what the movement is doing, especially in the United States, where, for so long, atheists have seemed content shutting up and listening to religious people. I think it was atheist blogger Greta Christina who said that the goal of the movement should be to make itself obsolete. I agree with that.

When I think back to my past, I feel like I went through two phases of atheism. When I was really young, my atheism was based on the fact that I had read a lot of Greek mythology and other fairytales. The Gods that Americans believed in didn’t seem any different than those of antiquity. When I was that age, I really wished that the religious stories were true. There were times, during this, my first phase, when I thought, “I would feel so much better if I could pray to God and know that it would actually do something, to know that someone cared about me in the grand scheme of things.” I was scared of death and didn’t like the idea that when you die, that’s it, and there’s nothing afterwards. When I was younger and hadn’t really thought through my atheism, it wasn’t an incredibly positive thing for me.

Later, when I was in high school, once I began to truly think about what it means to be an atheist, I began my second stage. I started reading blogs to learn about how other atheists felt about situations, and I began to develop my current beliefs. My perspective has changed. Now, I don’t fear death. I see that I’m lucky that I got this one life. I appreciate more fully that this world arose naturally, a fact that I find mind-bogglingly amazing. I don’t feel like I need to have someone intervene to answer my prayers because I should just go do something about any problem I may have. My perspective on my life is now much deeper and much better.

XVIII.

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Stef McGraw: An Atheist in Iowa

“The only position that leaves me with no cognitive dissonance is atheism. It is not a creed. Death is certain, replacing both the siren-song of Paradise and the dread of Hell.

Life on this earth, with all its mystery and beauty and pain, is then to be lived far more intensely: we stumble and get up, we are sad, confident, insecure, feel loneliness and joy and love. There is nothing more; but I want nothing more.”

— Ayaan Hirsi Ali, The Portable Atheist

Fitting in as an atheist in Iowa can be a challenge. During her upbringing in a mostly white, Christian state, Stef McGraw knew many young people who discussed how God was influencing their lives. Most of her peers were involved in youth group. Raised in the Unitarian Universalist Church, which, more than anything, emphasizes respect for people and the environment, she had the freedom to educate herself and decide which religious — or nonreligious — perspective would work best for her.

The group that she joined as a freshman in college, the University of Northern Iowa Freethinkers and Inquirers, provided a supportive community that grew her confidence and comfort in her identity. Stef, like many involved in the secular movement, recognizes the lack of women within it. The characteristics that are generally associated with those who do not believe in God — coldness, lack of emotion, etc. — are, according to her, both intimidating and untrue, encouraging women to distance themselves from the possibility of atheism.

I grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Given my area, I come from an atypical family. I was raised Unitarian Universalist. My dad grew up in Iowa going to the Unitarian church that he still attends. His parents, my paternal grandparents, were both raised Christian, but both turned away from the dogmas of faith. My mother is from California, and both of her parents, my maternal grandparents, are culturally Jewish; mom never went to temple, though. My parents always encouraged me to educate myself about the beliefs of others, with the understanding that they would support me no matter what I determined to be true. As I was growing up, I assumed that they didn’t believe in God because they’d always complain about the Christian right-wing.

Growing up, I attended my dad’s Unitarian church. It had a good religious education program, and I was always really involved in that. It taught about different religions and encouraged us to become familiar with the stories of the Bible so that everyone in the congregation would be able to relate to our community. In Iowa, nearly everyone is Christian.

Rather than teaching obedience to the Bible as a whole, the UU Church emphasizes its seven principles: the inherent worth and dignity of every person; justice, equity, and compassion in human relations; acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations; a free and responsible search for truth and meaning; the right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large; the goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all; and respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part. I have a great respect for their values.

Even though I was educated about Christianity, though, I still felt like an outsider in my community. I went to a standard upper-middle class, very white, very Protestant public school in a stereotypical American suburban area. All of my friends growing up believed in God, and everyone I knew was heavily involved in their church. When I was in middle school, I learned the meaning of the word “agnostic” and would self-identify with that word because it seemed socially acceptable.

I felt very out of place. It wasn’t as though I didn’t have friends, but a lot of my really good friends would go to church together. I did not. They would have conversations about how God had helped them in their lives. I’d always sit quietly in the corner, not saying anything. By high school, I knew that I was an atheist, and I felt like I couldn’t truly share myself.

Even though there were times when I wished that I could have been involved in religion for social reasons, my atheism never changed. I knew from a very early age, probably elementary school, that I did not believe in the Christian conception of God. For a time, I considered different, more abstract notions of a deity, but I didn’t find those possibilities satisfying either. I never had one moment at which I stopped believing in God because I don’t think I ever really believed. I had no real emotional reaction to my conclusion, although it did help that I had the UU Church behind me, as they’re supportive of atheists.

After high school, I decided to go to the University of Northern Iowa for college. When I arrived, there was an orientation at which all of the student groups had booths set up. My parents were with me, and at one point they came up to me and said, “I think we saw something you might like.” They directed me toward a big sign that read “No God, No Problem.” I certainly did not expect to see anything like that because UNI’s student population is quite religious. I wrote down my name on their signup list, and the group contacted me about getting involved shortly thereafter.

I remember the first brunch that I attended with the UNI group. I didn’t have a car, so one of the group members, Trevor, drove me there. Right away, he said, “I looked on your Facebook profile, and it says that you’re Unitarian. What’s that about?” I was a bit taken aback by how forward he was with the subject of our conversation, but it turned into the first of many great discussions that I had with the group’s members.

I was immediately hooked. I loved the meetings; any issue was open for analysis. Members of the group had in-depth, intelligent dialogue with people, often disagreeing with each other on a variety of subjects, and, in the end, everyone remained friends. There were no hard feelings. I really enjoyed that.

Since I joined, the group’s biggest successes have been simply bringing a nonreligious conversation to UNI’s campus. I can’t count how many Christian groups there are on our campus. Our group started just a few years ago, and in that short period of time, we’ve become one of the most well-known and best-run student organizations. We’re quite active on campus; our most prominent event every year is called Blasphemy Rights Day during which we emphasize the importance of free speech in the world. We also hold a monthly discussion event with other religious groups on campus, which, I think, exposes many people to a worldview that, having grown up in small-town Iowa, they’d likely never considered. We also have a tremendous sense of community. Every Sunday, we get together for brunch; we all enjoy each other’s company. The group helps me feel comfortable being nonreligious.

People are often curious about what can be done to bring more women to the secular movement. One reason that there aren’t more women is likely because atheism is typically associated with individuals who lack emotion. People often see atheism as something that’s cold, and women generally don’t want to identify with something like that.

I would love to see more women come out, mostly because of how my worldview has influenced me as a person. I think I’m more open-minded because I’m not religious. I know that there are plenty of open-minded religious people living in Iowa, but I think I’m more willing than most of my state’s citizens to take any claim and think about it seriously without immediately dismissing it. Most people in Iowa seem to assume that God exists, without seriously considering their position. Because I knew from a young age that I held a minority view on some important topics, I realized that I needed to consider all of my beliefs seriously.

Despite its advantages, being an atheist does get hard sometimes. I went on a student abroad trip in Spain and had to make new friends who came from my university. When people found out that I didn’t believe in God, many of them told me that they never thought they’d be friends with an atheist. I’ve had to break down some social barriers, which is something that most people don’t necessarily have to do.

I often think about what my life would be like if I hadn’t come to UNI, if I hadn’t gone to a school with such a strong secular group. Before I came to college, I didn’t even know that a secular movement was taking place. What we’re doing is really important because I think our activism truly influences people. If I hadn’t gotten involved in my group, I’d probably still largely identify with the UU Church.

Despite our significant differences with religions, I think the secular movement can look at churches to understand how they attract so many people. They build environments where people feel welcome, like they have a family of people behind them, supporting them. Our group has done an amazing job emphasizing community. We try to make our freshmen feel like they have a place right away, something that’s proven to be incredibly valuable in creating cohesion. I think the secular movement can learn from us.

Overall, I’m quite satisfied with my activism and with my perspective on the world. Even though I hear and read about people making rude comments about atheists, I’m confident in my worldview and know that my beliefs are right. I continue to have a lot of gratitude for this life that I have.

XIX.

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Hemant Mehta: Both Friendly and Atheist

“Consider it: every person you have ever met, every person you will pass in the street today, is going to die. Living long enough, each will suffer the loss of his friends and family. All are going to lose everything they love in this world.

Why would one want to be anything but kind to them in the meantime?”

— Sam Harris, The End of Faith

Rarely are the words “friendly” and “atheist” juxtaposed in American culture. But, on the internet today, one U.S. citizen is linked with that identify more than any other: Hemant Mehta. Hemant was born to Indian parents of the Jain religion. Like many others in this book, his worldview was profoundly shaped by the internet and the arguments for atheism that can be found within it. In college, largely because of the resources he found online, he became more comfortable with his worldview and began a group to socialize with his nonreligious peers.

Following a brief stint in medical school, Hemant began writing a book, I Sold My Soul on Ebay, which was eventually published by WaterBrook Press. During his research for the book, he found, to his surprise, most religious people, Christians specifically, to be friendly and, in many instances, open-minded. Although his public atheism has been challenging at times — the Illinois Family Institute contacted the administrators of the high school at which he teaches to inform them of his heresy — Hemant continues to be both an optimist about the secular movement and an open and eager communicator with the religious community at large.

My parents are from India. They came to the United States in the late 1970s. I was born in 1983 and was raised in America. I grew up in the Jain religion. Jains believe in nonviolence in nearly every way. They’re vegetarian. Really devout Jains cover their mouths as they talk in an attempt to avoid killing any bacteria in the air. They might also sweep the ground in front of them as they walk so that they won’t kill any bugs. I was never that devout, but many of the Jain principles make a lot of sense to me. I think their philosophy generally leads to a good way to live one’s life.

Jains do believe in supernatural things, but they do not believe in a creator God. Regardless, my family did believe in God, although no one ever defined what “God” meant. I was always taught to pray to God, and I would each night. I never felt as though God ever spoke back to me; it was like a one-way conversation. God never seemed to be listening or responding. I knew Christians who would rationalize why God wasn’t answering my prayers by saying, “God knows what’s best for you, so even if you come across an obstacle and God doesn’t give you what you want, that’s God testing you.” At the time, I wasn’t quite sure what I believed.

When I was 14, my family moved from Knoxville, Tennessee, to Orland Park, Illinois. Having to go from a place where I had a lot of friends in junior high to starting fresh at a high school of more than 3,000 kids and not knowing anybody, I began to question God for the first time. I started asking myself, “If my religion is right, how come no one else has even heard of the Jain religion? And if I’m right, why doesn’t anyone else believe in reincarnation like Jains do? Is there any truth to this?” I’d go on AOL late at night looking for answers, grasping at straws. I found a couple atheistic websites that became very influential to me. The more I read about what atheists had to say, the more I realized that I agreed with them. I discovered that I didn’t just think that Jainism was wrong, I thought that religion as a whole was wrong. Over the course of only a couple months, I became an atheist.

During my time online, I remember talking to a guy in a chat room, telling him that I no longer believed in God. He said, “You need to keep that to yourself because you will get beaten up if anyone finds out.” He easily remembered the abuse he had received earlier in his life for being an “out” atheist. I have never told anyone that story.

I kept my beliefs to myself. It took a while for me to become comfortable using the “A” word with my peers. Over time, I began throwing out some feelers. I remember writing down my thoughts about religion on two sides of a piece of paper and handing it to a friend of mine. She read it and handed it back and said, “Yeah, makes sense.” Still, I didn’t really know any other atheists. I remember in my high school freshman English class we were talking about Greek mythology. My teacher asked everyone in my class if they believed in God. Everyone in the room said yes, and when the question came to me, I said yes as well.

It wasn’t until college that I fully came out. I helped to start a group that became quite involved in the secular movement. I was exposed to a new world. I realized that there were other students in the same position as me — many, in fact, who had it a lot worse than me — and thought that I might be able to do something to help. I wanted to be a part of that.

The girl who I started the secular group with told me that she had volunteered at Camp Quest, a summer camp for children of atheist parents. I thought, “That sounds awesome!” She also informed me about an organization called the Secular Student Alliance that helped organize atheist groups. Our group became affiliated with them and with a similar organization, CFI On Campus. I realized that I could meet all these other atheists and make it easier for people like me to come out. I also learned about other organizations that were doing charity work and pushing the message that atheists exist and that we’re good people. How could I not want to be a part of that?

I had been accepted to medical school at the University of Illinois-Chicago right out of high school, provided that I met certain grade point averages and MCAT scores during my undergraduate career. I met the requirements, so I enrolled. My grades were fine, and I passed my classes, but I just wasn’t happy. I started dating a girl, and I remember thinking, “I just don’t have time for her.” I asked the medical school for a year off. They allowed me to do so with no penalty.

During that year, I had plenty of free time. I decided to get certified as a high school teacher. There was a church near me, and I realized that for all the railing against religions that I did, I had a stereotype of what church was like: really boring, really dry. I had been informed largely by The Simpsons. I decided to see it for myself.

I ended up putting this silly thing on eBay that said, in short, “If you want to bid on where I, the atheist, go to church or mosque or synagogue, you can, and I’ll go wherever the highest bidder wants me to go.” I didn’t think anyone would take it seriously, but the bidding got out of hand. There were Christians bidding to have me go to church and atheists bidding for me not to go. They set each other off, and the bidding climbed higher and higher. Ultimately, a pastor won for over $500, and I owed him 50 weeks of church. We ended up making a deal. He picked the 10 churches that I would attend. In exchange, I agreed to write about my experiences on his ministry’s website. A publisher saw what we were doing and thought that it was cool that I was criticizing church, and Christians weren’t mad at me for doing so. The publisher said, “Why don’t we send you to a bunch of other churches across the country, and we’ll turn your experiences into a book?” This, mind you, was a Christian publisher, not a secular publisher, and no atheist had ever written a book for them. I thought that I’d be crazy to say no, so I took the opportunity. It was a wonderful, educational experience. The book that resulted from those experiences, I Sold My Soul on eBay, came out in 2007 and was sold in bookstores across the country. It’s still sold on Amazon.

I had thought that most Christians would be lockstep with the Christian fundamentalist preaching on TV, people I viewed as perhaps nice, but very bigoted. Some of the churches I attended did talk about social issues and were anti-homosexuality; I had my problems there. What I found, however, was that a lot of Christians didn’t agree with what fundamentalist pastors said. I had never heard that perspective. At a lot of the churches that I went to, they didn’t talk about gay people. They didn’t talk about politics. They talked about how best to live to make your life better. It was hard for me to have a problem with that.

Many of the people at these churches, I found, were just good people who happen to believe in God. I think they’re wrong about that last part. But they weren’t doing anything harmful. In fact, I found many of them to be pretty liberal regarding social issues. We actually shared a lot of the same values. I had thought that if someone was a Christian, then they also shared the same views as Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell. I was glad to learn that that wasn’t necessarily true. I realized that there are Christians who are on the left, and they dislike the religious right as much as I do, if not more, because the religious right is besmirching their good name. Interacting with them was a good experience because it made me realize that there’s no reason why the secular movement can’t ally with moderate Christians on some of the bigger social issues of our time. I think it’s a much more pressing issue, for example, to get same-sex marriage legalized or to make sure that abortions are available and safe across the country than it is to convince people that there is no God.

After my experiences at these churches, I started my blog, Friendly Atheist. The name came from the idea that, in America, every time one hears about atheists in the media, they’re always framed as “Bob, the devout atheist, the militant atheist, or the angry atheist.” It’s never “Bob, the really happy, smiley atheist.” I realized that if my site was called Friendly Atheist, people would have to put those two words together.

I began blogging about religious issues on a regular basis. I knew that I couldn’t say that Christians were the sole problem in the world or push the idea that all churches that exist in the world are bashing gay people. I could admit that there were Christians who were bigoted and wrong but also recognize that not all Christians felt that way. I needed to delineate conservative Christians, the religious right, the fundamentalist Christians, from all other Christians. I had to change the way I thought and wrote.

In fact, even now, even with fundamentalist Christians, with people I’m so opposed to on a personal level because they just say and do things I abhor, I’ve met a lot of them, and they’re really nice people. I find it hard to hold a grudge as much as I might have in the past. For example, James Dobson used to run Focus on the Family. He always emphasized that he was anti-gay. Now Focus on the Family is run by Jim Daly. I’ve seen him speak. When I listened to him, I realized that I didn’t have problems with everything he stands for. He talks about the importance of adoption. When I saw him, he didn’t emphasize his opposition to gay marriage and abortion. Most likely, if I were to mention Focus on the Family to a bunch of atheists, they’d raise all of our differences, they’d get pissed off, perhaps rightfully so. But not all the people who work with these groups are as bad as they might be perceived.

Still, I am not hesitant to criticize groups of people, including churches themselves, when I feel like they are doing something wrong. I try to watch my language to make sure that I’m not stereotyping. I try not to call them mean names unless it’s warranted.

My public atheism has brought on issues at work. There’s a group called the Illinois Family Institute, a conservative Christian group in Illinois. I called them out on my website for saying bigoted things. They found out that I’m a high school math teacher at a public high school and e-mailed my principal, other administrators, my department chair, and even my district’s school board. They outed me as an atheist because they didn’t like what I had written. They sent out three separate press releases about it, and I had to have a chat with my boss and my principal. They said, “We know you don’t talk about this in the classroom, so we don’t care.” That was the right response. That incident did not stop me from going after the Illinois Family Institute the next time they said something ridiculous. In time, I actually talked to the person who sent out the press releases about me. We had coffee because we wanted to talk outside of the blog atmosphere, where the comments are often quite vitriolic. In my view, she is a really nice lady who happens to think in a horrific way. That fact hasn’t stopped me from talking about her group or calling her out when the Illinois Family Institute does something that’s, in my view, just wrong.

With everything I have experienced, I think that, depending on its mission, the secular movement can be successful. It needs to determine its goals. If its goal is to convert people to atheism, good luck with that. That’s probably not going to happen. If its goals are to make atheism more visible and respectable, more power to it. I think the young secular activists now are way smarter than I was at their age. They know how to get the message out that atheists are good, moral, decent people. If they focus on that, they’ll get very far. A lot of these student groups now partner up with religious groups on campus so that they can have a positive dialogue. I’ve been able to be a part of some of those conversations, and I love them.

The secular movement needs to be wise about its strategy. There are a few atheist groups that have done things that have really pissed me off. I remember one example in particular, when a group in Texas held an event and said, “Give us your holy books and we’ll give you X-rated pornography,” an event known as “smut for smut.” I immediately thought, “That is just a dick move.” I see their point in a way, but I still don’t like their strategy. I think a more clever campaign is to do what a group at Purdue did, offering to trade fiction for fiction: give us your holy books, and we’ll give you a book of fiction in return. From my perspective, we lose religious moderates and religious liberals when we talk about pornography. We risk alienating women when we talk about pornography. Most of today’s secular college and high school groups, though, are starting to blossom and are doing amazing things.

In my personal life, I’ve thought a lot about whether I would date and potentially marry a religious woman. I think the only time that our differences would cause a conflict is if we had kids. Even now, if I’m dating someone, my atheism is probably more of an issue for her than it is for me because being an atheist is part of my identity. I honestly don’t care if someone I date believes in God so long as we share the same values. I think it’s possible to make relationships work when perspectives are different, but compromise would be necessary.

I think there are real advantages to being an atheist. In a way, it’s nice to be in a minority because, in my experience, there’s almost a secret handshake with other nonbelievers. When I see an Indian person on the street, for example, there’s always a knowing head nod. We bond automatically. The same thing happens with atheists. As a high school teacher, even though I don’t talk about my personal beliefs in the classroom, students tend to find out that I’m an atheist. I’ve had some kids come up to me and say, “I’m an atheist, too!” I usually jokingly respond, “I don’t really care, go do your homework!” But I think they appreciate knowing that there’s someone else out there who’s like them. I’ve received many e-mails from people who say that they’re afraid to talk to their family or friends about their atheism because they’re terrified of what the reaction will be. I’m not gay, but I imagine something similar occurs in the minds of closeted gay people, too. When a gay person meets someone else who’s gay, they probably don’t have to know anything else about that person to automatically bond over the fact that they have probably had some similar experiences.

Reducing fear should be one of the great goals of the secular movement at large, and we seem to be making progress. Younger people are now much more willing to say that they don’t believe in God than they were in the past. Our numbers are going up. I think we’re doing something right. When you know someone who’s an atheist, it’s much easier to consider that possibility, too. A huge part of our mission as atheists should be to make it okay to say, “I’m a rational person, and there’s nothing wrong with me.”

If I could go back in time, I would tell a young me — or anyone else who is young and realizes that they don’t believe in God — to not be afraid. I would tell them to start talking to other atheists. Seek them out, and see if you can make a difference. Be courageous, and have discussions about religion with other people. I didn’t really tell people that I was an atheist for quite a while, largely because I didn’t want to offend anyone. Now, I’m not worried about that. I would advise them to have more pride in who they are from a younger age.

I’ll never forget going to bed the first night that I was convinced that God doesn’t exist. I didn’t pray. I thought that there was a chance that I would wake up with cuts on me as a punishment from God. That didn’t happen, and after that, I never had an inkling that I might be wrong. Even if I had a choice, even if I could choose to have a God exist, I wouldn’t. That idea doesn’t appeal to me anymore. For me, it’s nice that I’m not afraid and that I’m honest with myself.

XX.

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Lydia Murphy: Losing Religion and Anti-Religion

“I could now open the door to a new life, one without God.

It didn’t seem too scary. It felt more like something new and exciting, like exploring a new home.”

— William Lobdell, Losing My Religion

It is indeed possible for religious indoctrination to fade away. Lydia Murphy (a pseudonym) left her faith quite suddenly, just a year after leaving her private Baptist school that used Christian history books, chastised students for committing thought crimes, and encouraged its pupils to attend Bob Jones University. Once she left, she realized that the Baptists had encouraged stereotypes: not all non-Baptists, she found, were evil and, to her surprise, recreational drug users could be quite pleasant people. She drifted away from her religion, an experience she describes as “like coming out of a fog or waking up from a dream.”

Lydia became heavily involved in her university’s secular group once she enrolled in college, creating some of her fondest memories with its members. While she’s adamant that she would not raise her children in a religious institution, she has lost much of her hostility toward religion in general. She recognizes that many people have had horrendous experiences in life, and religion often provides both comfort and a community for them. It may, she thinks, simply be better for some people to be religious. She’s come to believe that being right isn’t everything. Still, she’s happy that she’s left her faith — and its dogma — behind her.

My parents are vaguely religious in the American cultural Christian way. I grew up in a house that was in a really bad school district, and the only private school that my parents could afford was a Baptist Christian school with a Bible-thumping, Southern-style atmosphere a few miles from our home. I went there from kindergarten through fifth grade.

Perhaps because of its religious teachings, my parents were very concerned about what we were learning there. At one point, in fourth grade, they abruptly pulled me out of the Baptist school and sent me to public school for a quarter. They weren’t happy with the public school either, mostly because they were concerned for our safety, so they put us back in the Baptist school.

From an early age, I took religion very seriously. I would often get into arguments with my family and friends because I felt that their lifestyles were terrible, that they were living against God. My parents, for example, listened to rock music. I was taught in school that that was a sin, and that I should preach to my parents when they listened to it.

Needless to say, my school was very conservative and very Christian. It regulated our hairstyles. Girls had to wear dresses below their knees. My teachers were creationists; I was taught that the world was roughly 4,000 years old. My peers and I had a lot of Bible study, and we would memorize one verse every week. It was both expected and required that people would wait until they were married to have sex. We used textbooks from the evangelical Christian college Bob Jones University. History, for example, was taught from a Christian perspective. We were encouraged to attend Bob Jones when we graduated from high school, which, in retrospect, likely would have been a bad career move, considering that that school has had some accreditation issues.

My memory of my childhood is one of pervading guilt. Everything that I did was a sin, always. I believed that if I was saved and really meant it, if I really believed in Jesus, then I would go to heaven. According to my teachers, people of other faiths and other denominations of Christianity would go to hell. I was told that one day I was going to have to face God, and in front of everyone, He would name off all of my sins, even things that I didn’t remember doing. I was told that every day, I should be praying on my knees for God’s forgiveness. It was really intense, and I had a constant fear of hell.

After fifth grade, my family moved to a better district, and I transferred to a good public school. That experience was unbelievably different. For the first time, I found out that there were good people who weren’t Baptists. Quite quickly, I rejected nearly everything that I had been taught about the world. I started calling myself an atheist in seventh grade, and my curiosity only grew. I read about Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism. I immediately determined that they were all the same to me, all equally untrue. I realized that the reason that people believe in God and religion has to do largely with an emotional conviction, a conviction that is similar for everyone from all faiths. I concluded that if there’s nothing that makes any one religion uniquely true, if there’s no reason to believe in one over the others, then there is no reason to believe in any of them.

This newfound independence of thought carried over to my ethical worldview, too. My Baptist education had been incredibly foundational from such a young age. I had been indoctrinated with a specific morality, taught that people needed to be Baptist Christian, not just Christian. I had been told that if someone didn’t believe a specific part of Baptist doctrine, then they would be damned to hell. I had to reject the morality that I had been taught my whole life and reevaluate everything. I started to become a much more tolerant person.

The switch to the public school impacted nearly every facet of my life. When I got out of the private school, I was very socially awkward. My educational environment had been extraordinarily restrictive. There was no bullying, and there were no cool kids, no cliques. In the public school, I was different, so I got made fun of a lot, which made the people who were nice to me all the more important. The people who were nice to me, I found, weren’t Baptist.

I was incredibly naive. I remember one day I was standing at the bus stop and someone talked about smoking a bowl. I didn’t know what that meant. I thought the person had meant smoking an actual cereal bowl. This was my first introduction to recreational drug use. I became friendly with drug dealers. To my surprise, they weren’t crazed people who were raping and pillaging.

Losing my religion was like coming out of a fog or waking up from a dream. Looking back, I think that the only way that I could have possibly maintained a belief in a God is if I had had a constant feedback loop of people telling me over and over that such a being existed, that it was something that I needed to care about, worry about, and consider. Almost as soon as that environment left my life, my interest and belief in that ideology disappeared. I came out of my shelter and found out that the world isn’t how I had been taught. So I changed my views.

My mind was open for the first time. In high school, I started to get really interested in reason and logic, especially when I began to take science classes. Being exposed to theory of evolution had an important impact on me. After I became educated about the subject, I realized that I no longer needed to search for an ultimate purpose or an ultimate meaning to life. We are collections of genes that are geared toward continued existence. We create our own meaning. It’s a happy accident that we are self-aware, intelligent, that we exist in the way that we do. I intend to enjoy my time while I’m alive.

My fascination with these topics continued when I enrolled in college. By the time I saw an e-mail about a secular student group on campus, I was quite interested in atheism. I went to one meeting and was immediately hooked. The smartest and most interesting people on campus were in that group. When I think about my good experiences in college, I’ll always think about them. Those were some of the best times in my life.

Despite the sense of community that I was able to create in college, there are negative things about being an atheist. The worst thing that’s ever happened in my life happened a few years ago. My ex-boyfriend Lawrence and I had been friends for a long time after we broke up, even though he was a very different person than I am. He was crazy. He wanted to live on the edge and do drugs. He said, like Kurt Cobain, that he would “rather burn out than fade away.” He had a fascination with his own death and talked about it often. One day, he was fighting with his girlfriend and took out his gun and put it to his chin. He showed her that it was empty. He put it to his chin and pulled the trigger. She mocked him. She said he would never do it. So he did. He put a bullet in the chamber and fired. That was it.

I found out what happened to Lawrence on my way to a secular student group meeting. I was hysterical. I had tears streaming down my cheeks. I couldn’t speak or form cogent thoughts. I went into the meeting, and there were two religious people there who always crashed our meetings. The people in the group were my closest friends. They felt really badly for me, and they all really wanted to help me. But it was the religious people who came up to me. They hugged me, helped me to the elevator, and told me that I should go home. They asked me if I’d be okay and if I needed a ride. My friends, the atheists, seemed too socially awkward for that kind of warmth. It was probably hard for them to know how to act in that situation.

I’m an adult. I understand that people die. But it’s really, really hard to emotionally understand that fact. I had a great deal of trouble coping with Lawrence’s suicide. I still have nightmares about it. In terms of dealing with death, because I have had to face life’s reality, I understand why believing in an afterlife is worth so much to so many people. Atheists tend to be a certain kind of person, pretty independent. Over time, I started to realize that not everyone is like that. I lost a lot of the anger that I had toward the evils that religion has visited on the world. Even though I still believed that religions were wrong, I started to become more accepting of religious people.

I had to grow up and figure things out. One of things that I have learned is that just because I might be right about something, it doesn’t mean that I’m better than other people. I had anger at all religious people because I bought into the argument that the existence of moderate religion enables extreme religion. I was harshly judgmental of people who didn’t believe as I did.

I learned about the world and that people have real-life problems that are a great deal worse than anything I’ve ever faced. I no longer necessarily feel that one’s beliefs are the most important thing in the world. I think I was too focused on religion. I needed compassion and empathy for the common man.

When I graduated from college, I enrolled in law school. During my first year, I read many cases about terrible things that have happened to innocent people. This continued to reinforce my belief that my focusing solely on people’s religious beliefs when making a judgment about them was too limiting. If what I believe about the universe is true and I sit at home secure in the knowledge that I’m right while reading a book about logic and doing math puzzles, while what others believe about the universe isn’t true but their fake belief causes them to go out and help at a food pantry, I’m not the better person. Actions mean more than beliefs.

Even though I have a greater amount of empathy for religious people, I still think that my shift, going from religious to nonreligious, was a really good thing. Finding compassion and tolerance for religious people is not the same thing as thinking that it’s superior to be religious. It wasn’t easy for me to overcome all the guilt that I had when I was young. It took a long time.

When I was younger, I would feel guilt if I didn’t live up to Baptist school-imposed goals. Now, I feel guilt if I don’t live up to self-imposed goals. I have the ambition, for example, to be a good person, and I have an idea of what that means. I want to give back. I want to be nicer than is natural. In Baptist school, I was taught that if I had a critical thought about someone, if I thought that someone’s shoes were ugly, for example, then that was a sin. I was told that I needed to pray for forgiveness. Those aren’t attainable goals. I can be nice to people, and I can volunteer, but I can’t make sure that every single thought that I have conforms to a religious code. I now have a different, attainable standard for morality that is grounded in things that actually matter and that will truly impact the people around me.

Still, I understand the social dangers for people becoming atheists or nonreligious. My best friend is an atheist largely because I persuaded him. Then, he de-converted his mom. His mother is black. The reason that I mention her race is because prior to her de-conversion, she was very involved in a black community of churchgoers. When she lost her religion, it was as though she lost her identity, not just as a religious woman but also as a black person, as a black woman. She was rejected from her entire social group. She became extraordinarily depressed. Her switch to atheism has been a negative change for her. This has changed my view on the subject, too. I think that being religious may simply be better for some people. I know that that statement would probably make so many of my atheist friends angry, but I think that there’s a reason why religions have existed for so long.

I also, though, understand how religious differences can impact relationships. My ex-boyfriend was religious. We lived together and had been dating for two years. We were very close. He’s religious, and the differences in our worldview created conflict. I had never refused to date anyone because they’re religious, and I didn’t even know that he was religious until we had been dating for quite a while. His religiosity didn’t impact us at first, but it began to. He very clearly told me that he would not have kids with me, and I told him that I would never allow my children to be brought up in a religious environment. Understandably, this subject can make it or break it for couples. It did for us.

Despite my desire to be tolerant of religious people, I won’t budge on whether to send my children to religious schools and to church on Sunday. So often — and this was certainly true in my experience — churches teach guilt. Their lessons can be terrible. It’s been a long time since I went through my indoctrination, but I felt extraordinarily betrayed when I realized that what I had been taught wasn’t true, that I had been taught to feel guilty about ridiculous things. I was instilled with a morality that doesn’t correspond with how responsible human beings should operate within the world. On top of that, if my husband were religious and I was not, there’d be confusion for our kids. If mommy believes that there is no God and daddy believes that there is, if what daddy believes is true, then mommy is going to go to hell. I think that’s pretty terrible to teach to a kid. I would only allow my children to go to church if he or she wanted to, if he or she wanted to explore.

Overall, I think that the change in my beliefs from being religious to being an atheist was very good for me. I feel really indebted to people. I’ve had an extremely privileged life. My parents, my family, my community have all provided that to me. I feel a strong need to give back some of that goodwill. I think we should all enjoy life while we can. As an atheist, I can do so without religious blinders.

XXI.

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A.N.: From Bombay to Oklahoma

“You must be the change you wish to see in the world.”

— Gandhi

A.N. didn’t taste beef until he was 21 years old. When he did, he had just arrived in America following a childhood spent in his native India. Millions of Hindus abstain from eating their sacred cows. America, he quickly found, was different from his home country. The world’s most technologically advanced nation not only subsisted on Big Macs, it also had Christian evangelicals who asked strangers in college cafeterias if they had been saved by Christ.

Because he stopped believing in God at an early age, A.N. was not severely impacted by his conclusion that the universe is neither created nor governed by a celestial guider. To A.N., critical reasoning, the ability to use one’s own mind to discover facts about the world, is perhaps the most valuable personal skill. He’s grateful that he’s been able to foster that ability in himself.

I was born in Bombay, India and was raised in Hinduism, one of the world’s oldest religions. It has several branches, and no two are alike. While some Hindus only eat vegetarian food and other Hindus eat a lot of chicken and fish, they generally do not eat beef. A major reason why is because, in the past and the present, Indians have fed themselves from the milk of cows, which has made it difficult for Indians to kill them. There’s a Hindu analogy that a cow’s milk is similar to the milk that a child receives from its mother. Because of this, cows began to be revered and even worshipped, something that has spread from generation to generation.

Different sects of Hindus follow different Gods; it’s a polytheistic religion. Interestingly, there is also one branch of Hinduism that’s primarily atheistic. They do not believe in a God, even though they do believe in other superstitions like reincarnation. Many Hindus believe in reincarnation — literally being born again — and in the idea that people are born human and that if they do good deeds, they will be reborn as a human in their next life. If they do bad deeds, they believe that they will be born as a cockroach or some other unpleasant creature.

In addition to its religious diversity, the caste system, which, to an extent, still exists today, is also an important factor in Indian society. Historically, Brahmans have been the priests and the most educated caste. They’re generally richer, and their kids received an education. The lowest caste has been the untouchables. They did the dirty work of society, and their kids never received an education. Recently, there has been a growing assimilation and inter-marrying between the castes. The government now reserves college opportunities for people belonging to the lower castes in order to give them an education. Things are changing.

Gandhi is an important figure in the religious history of India. He was a religious person, and he wanted Hindus and Muslims — the majority of the population of historical India — to live in peace. His trademark philosophy was one of non-violent protesting, and he was critical to India’s bloodless freedom struggle against the British. Gandhi aimed to bring about a change in the heart of the torturing oppressor. He once stated that the spiritual enlightenment that he needed, Hinduism provided. That said, he was joined in his struggle by Hindus and people from other religions, too.

As Gandhi knew, there has historically been strife between India and Pakistan, much of which still exists today. Even though they’re not at war, there is a Cold War-like scenario because of the situation surrounding the state of Kashmir. India and Pakistan received their independence on two different dates. Both countries then began to annex as many surrounding territories as possible in order to expand their respective lands. Kashmir, because of its beauty and its potential for tourism, became a favorite for both nations. India annexed most of it, then Pakistan occupied some of it. Ever since the beginning of the disagreement, wars have been fought over that piece of land.

With that history explained, I will begin telling my personal story. My religious upbringing was pretty moderate. I was religious, of course. I believed in a God largely because my family was mostly religious, and I followed what they believed. But I was always very scientifically inquisitive. Mathematics and science were my favorite subjects in school. From a very early age, unlike many, I did not believe in superstitions like ghosts. I did not stop when a black cat crossed my way. Perhaps I was a natural skeptic.

At the age of 12, I began to wonder, “I do not believe in ghosts; I do not believe in life after death; I do not believe in bad luck; why is belief in God not a superstition?” It seemed to have all of the characteristics of one. Why do people believe in God but laugh at people who believe in other silly things? I determined that unless someone came up with evidence of a God, I was an atheist.

Demanding evidence for beliefs seems to be part of who I have always been. My grandmother is very religious and very superstitious. When I was younger, I would playfully defy her. If she told me that saying a word on a certain day or at a certain time was bad luck, I would say that word on that day or at that time. If she said, “Don’t trim your nails at night because it is bad luck” I would do just that right in front of her, just to tease her. I think that I wanted to show her that some of what she believed wasn’t true.

Largely because of my lifelong commitment to critical reasoning, when I became an atheist, I didn’t feel enlightened, suddenly free, or anything like that. Even though my parents believed in a God, they let me think for myself. Once I told them what I had concluded, though, they did ask me to keep my atheism to myself. They thought that other people might think that I was arrogant because I was 12 years old.

My life continued. I came over to the U.S. at the age of 21. My parents knew that the first thing that I was going to do when I reached the U.S. was eat beef. I’d never eaten one hamburger in my entire life, and on day one, I did just that.

After trying out a staple of the American diet, I began to immerse myself in American culture. When I first entered the United States, I had no idea how religious it was or that most of its people were Christians. After spending two years at Syracuse University in upstate New York, I came to Oklahoma for my Ph.D. in the beginning of 2007. Almost immediately, I began to sense the air of religiosity that surrounds everything there. One time, during my first semester at OU, I was in the food court minding my own business, eating lunch. I was approached by a group of students who began to read me passages from the Bible. I politely asked them to leave me alone. Not long after that, a minister approached me while I was eating because he was also trying to get me to follow Christianity. Confused, I wondered, “Why is this happening?” I did some research and learned that not only is Oklahoma one of the most religious states in America, many people who live there do not believe in evolution. India is made up of religious people, too, but there’s no cultural controversy over scientific facts. Prior to living in the United States, I had no idea that there are people who truly believe that the Earth is 6,000 years old. It was quite surprising to me that such a significant fraction of the citizens of the world’s most powerful country hold such beliefs.

During my second semester at the University of Oklahoma, I met a classmate who had started a freethought group called CFI On Campus. After he graduated, I decided to take over. I tried to foster that community. It helped to know that not necessarily everybody around me was religious. I found that there were other people who viewed the world more like me.

I dedicated a lot of time to the group, mostly because I felt that something needed to be done about the religiosity of the campus. There were many organizations at my school that had explicitly religious purposes, and all of them were dedicated to one cause: spreading Christianity. I thought, “Why can’t there be just one organization that’s on the opposite side of the fence?” I also thought that it was important to provide a forum for other atheists and skeptics to open up their hearts.

I received a lot of satisfaction from working on the group, and my experience with it has only reinforced my perspective on life. As I’ve gotten older, I’ve dealt with the death of some friends and family. Of course, these experiences are sad. I go through the same emotions that other people do. I’ve listened to my relatives openly discuss their belief that they’re going to meet those who have died again in heaven. I let them believe what they want to. Mortality and death are facts of life, facts that I accept no matter how difficult it may be to do so. Even if I lose somebody whom I love, I know that I’ll make it through those times.

I also know that religion is here to stay. For me, as long as the majority of the world’s people are not consumed by it, I don’t mind it existing. I do, however, think that religion gets more respect than it deserves. If religion is, for example, truly the reason for a certain tragedy, then it should be openly blamed as the root cause. It should not be exonerated simply to avoid upsetting religious people. I want people to be free to speak in this way, without fear of backlash. If this environment exists, then I think that the influence of religion over society will continue to decrease.

XXII.

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Jon Nelson: Skepticism in the Heartland

“We are as Gods and have to get good at it.”

— Stewart Brand

The Left Behind series has influenced and entertained countless young people throughout America and the world. It is not difficult to understand why Jon Nelson, who grew up in Kansas as a shy, nervous, protection-seeking child, gravitated toward such literature. In his own life, he was yearning to find his own powerful, ever-present deity. As he aged — and after he read The God Delusion — both Jon’s desire for and his belief in such a God began to wane.

Like many children in isolated religious environments, during his youth, he was never exposed to the possibility of a secular worldview. His journey begins as one filled with anxiety. It concludes with a feeling of liberation that changed his life, one that increased his faith, not in Christ, but in people.

I was born to a factory worker and a farmer. I’ve lived in the same house in Kansas my entire life, baptized a couple weeks after entering the world. I grew up in the Christian faith, and my dad would take me to church every Sunday. I was raised as an Evangelical Lutheran and was a devoted believer.

Literature has always had a significant impact on me. Through seventh and eighth grade, I absolutely loved the Left Behind series. Those books were written by Jerry B. Jenkins and Tim LaHaye, and they’re about a post-apocalyptic world. The plot follows an airline pilot at the Rapture, when many Christians believe that God will take his own to the kingdom of heaven, leaving all of their clothes and material possessions behind. It’s about one man’s journey as he goes through Armageddon in a modern interpretation of the Book of Revelations. To me, the books were incredibly suspenseful. They portrayed God as a badass action hero, like G.I. God, describing the sort of God that I hoped I would have in my own life someday. I wasn’t popular growing up, so the idea of an intercessory and personal God who would be there to stand up for me when I couldn’t stand up for myself was really appealing.

My self-esteem was, I think, linked to some psychological issues that affected me in my youth and made me susceptible to religious ideas. In my freshman year of high school, I was diagnosed with depression and general anxiety disorder. I got on some medication. When I did, it seemed like something switched on for me. I suddenly no longer really wanted God in my life. My reason, which had been dulled for so long, came into its own, and, for the first time, I began to ask important questions about both the world and religion.

When I was growing up, I didn’t know that there was an alternative to religion. I’m sure that might be a shocking fact to people who grew up in big cities, but secular options simply were not available in the environment I was raised in. As my curiosity blossomed, I began searching for answers. The summer before my senior year of high school, I read The God Delusion, which had a huge impact on me. As I was reading it, it was as though rusty chains began falling off of my mind. I felt empowered, like I was finally free to think for myself, free to evolve out of my own cognitive dissonance. It changed my life and sealed the deal. I realized that I’m an atheist.

When the people around me began to learn about my atheism, many thought that I was going through a phase. Nobody ever threatened me, but I was mildly ostracized. In the Midwest, religion is considered to be a fairly personal topic, not something that comes up in polite conversation. By and large, when others found out about my beliefs, there was an unspoken agreement to disagree, and I never experienced too much backlash.

My family also found out. I have a grandmother who’s quite religious. Her rationale for belief in God comes from the sheer beauty of the world. She’s not a scientist. She doesn’t read about natural selection, and I’ve never tried to challenge her beliefs. At one point, though, she flat-out asked me, “Jon, you’re not an atheist, are you?” I felt that I needed to be truthful. I said, “I am.”

Religious is ubiquitous in Kansas. There was a girl I grew up with who was raised in the church, and her family members are as Christian as people can possibly be. I don’t think she has ever considered a worldview that wasn’t from a Biblical perspective. She was taught that everything good that happened in her life was a blessing from God and that everything bad that occurred was a test from God. She often said that she was going to rely on God to get her through difficult situations because what happens in life is part of His plan, that He’s going to make her a better person because of what happens. Over time, I began to increasingly see that type of thinking as a frightening act of submission.

She and her family taught me the ability of superstitious thinking to take over people’s rational thought processes. I once made a joke to her sister, who’s a Fulbright Scholar, about people actually believing that the Earth is 4,000 years old. She turned to me and said, “I believe it is!” She justified her belief by saying that she thinks that there are some discrepancies with scientific radio isotope dating. I didn’t try to challenge her because I was in utter shock that she’s a creationist. That flabbergasted me. She and her sister are very smart young women, but they’re absolutely blinded by their faith.

When I was finally done with high school, I was hell-bent on going somewhere liberal for college. I wanted to get out of small-town America. I decided to go to Boston University. When I arrived, I found a thriving atheist sub-community, the Boston Atheists. I also found a faculty member at BU who said that he’d be willing to sponsor the atheist and secular humanist group that I was trying to start. Over time, I learned that most people in the New England area are apatheist, rather than atheist or theist. They don’t really care either way. Coming from Kansas, indifference to the subject of religion really surprised me.

For me, whenever I see other groups that are persecuted by those on the religious right, be they atheist, gay, or any other minority, having grown up in Kansas, it becomes a personal issue for me. Most people in Boston and big cities have never seen the sort of fervor with which people can use religion to discriminate against others. In my experience, the closest people who live in metropolitan areas ever come to seeing religious fundamentalism is when they read articles about the seemingly-crazy Westboro Baptist Church. Learning about their demonstrations, they seem to think that they’re a bizarre group of people, a few wackos. But it’s not an uncommon belief in large segments of rural America that God hates fags. A huge number of people actually think that way.

Even with all of the problems in the world, I have faith in people no matter where they come from, and I think we can significantly change the world for the better. I recognize that atheism by itself does not offer a philosophy of values. My secular humanism, rather than my atheism, guides my moral reasoning. That philosophy emphasizes the here and now of human existence. The Catholic Church, in contrast, is one of the richest organizations in the world. It flies the pope around the world in luxury, while it should be wholly dedicated to distributing food to the impoverished, working to alleviate and end suffering. Many religions say one thing and do another. So many of their adherents appear to have wool pulled over their eyes.

My own evolution has had a profound impact on the way that I see the world and how I think we should be spending our time and resources while we’re here. I look at many poor, religious countries, and I see people who are starving to death. Their God isn’t providing. I don’t know what the rest of humanity is waiting for. There’s so much suffering in the world, and yet, so many people’s attempt to alleviate that fact is to pray to end the pain. We need action. We need philanthropy. We need people to feed the homeless. We are all people regardless of race, creed, or sexual orientation, and some of us are simply born in the wrong place at the wrong time. We should take responsibility for helping our fellow human beings. It’s time to wake up.

XXIII.

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Jimmy Pianka: Outgrowing Greek Orthodoxy

“The invisible and the non-existent look very much alike.”

— Delos Banning McKown

For much of his life, Jimmy Pianka stayed with Greek Orthodoxy. Raised in Lancaster, PA, he went to church camp through age 18 and admired his religion’s emphasis on artistic beauty. His slow break from his faith began as his curiosity grew. He wondered how he could believe in and love both God and Jesus even though he felt like he did not know them.

Jimmy feels lucky that his sister paved the way for his departure from religion: she had angrily left the Church years before he did because of Greek Orthodoxy’s position on gay rights. When he admitted his atheism, his parents seemed concerned not that he had lost his belief in the divine but rather that he would be unable to raise a successful family of his own. His father openly wondered how he would be able to raise moral children outside of the Church. While losing his belief in God has brought its own difficulties, Jimmy feels grateful that his life is free from superstition and a fear of hell.

I was raised in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From childhood, I was brought up very intensely in Greek Orthodoxy. I went to church camp for 10 years in a row, beginning at age eight. I was a part of a really tight community, which stems in large part from its history: Greek communities often immigrated together, and the Greeks from my town came to the United States from the same island. I have gone back there many times and have met a lot of the people who still live there. Not surprisingly, because Greek immigration histories like the one from my town are so common, there is a strong cultural current that runs through Greek parishes in America. Greeks use the church as their primary cultural glue.

My experience in Greek Orthodoxy was emotionally developmental for me in that I very seriously believed in the faith as I was growing up. It was both a huge part of my moral structure and my behavioral compass; it guided a lot of my thinking. I always enjoyed my religion from an aesthetic sense. The visual style is gorgeous, mystical, and very old, and it helped characterize a lot of my artistic sensibilities. The divine liturgy that’s done every Sunday is a 2,000-year-old, untouched ritual.

Greek Orthodoxy is an Abrahamic faith that’s based on a single, theistic creator. Anyone who is superficially familiar with Christianity would feel right at home in an Orthodox community. It does, however, have more of an open-minded perspective on the definition of hell than many other Christian religions. Hell, as defined by the Orthodox perspective, is often viewed as a distancing from God rather than literal fire and brimstone, with heaven being interpreted as infinite proximity to God.

The idea of loving reverence pervaded all of the Greek Orthodox sermons that I remember from my childhood. At camp, we would detach from our normal lives and spend a lot of time in blissful awe of the divine. We would often talk about miracles.

There was a famous event that took place 15 years before I first came to camp when an icon of the Virgin Mary allegedly started crying salty tears that smelled like roses or lavender or rosemary. People were dabbing Q-tips and cotton balls on them and transferring the tears to other icons. Then, people claimed, the other icons would also begin to cry. It became a pretty big story. When local community skeptics heard about it, though, they asked if they could come and check it all out. The bishop said, “No, faith should be enough.” No formal inquiry was ever allowed.

Over time, I began to be exposed to some of the bigotry of Greek Orthodoxy. I remember one time, after 9/11, my church community was under a pavilion listening to His Eminence Father Maximos. He was the regional bishop of the diocese. At the time, I didn’t know much about Islam, American politics, or the twin towers. The bishop said, “Islam is a Satanic faith, and it promotes genuine hatred.” He viewed Islam as not just an incorrect faith but also as an evil faith in some vague sense. He preached that it was literally of the devil.

It was around that time that I started to think a little more critically about religion. I remember being told, “You should feel love for God.” I found myself increasingly irritated by the fact that I felt as though I did not know God. I tried to feel something, I wanted to feel connected to a deity, but it just wasn’t working.

As I was having trouble making this spiritual connection, I was also having difficulty taking the people within my religion seriously. I’ve always had a very committed mind, and I could never understand how, if someone truly, truly believes in something, they could not give their entire life to it. Had I stayed a believer, I would likely be a priest. It didn’t seem as though the supposedly religious people around me possessed true conviction.

As I began to develop doubts, I was pretty open about my skepticism. The religious right had its rise to power during my high school years, and that furthered my distaste for religion. Its values did not align with those of my heart. I started thinking about Greek Orthodoxy more thoroughly, and the story of my own faith began to fall apart.

I continued to search. I’d always leaned toward Eastern religious ideas, even as a kid. I remember once, at church camp, I confessed that I felt drawn to Buddhism. I was told that while Buddhism is a noble religion of compassion and love for all other beings, it’s selfish in that it turns one’s gaze inward and focuses on the self, rather than turning attention outward to God. According to my church leader, I should be aiming my spiritual inquiry and development externally to the divine.

My interest in Eastern religions continued as I got older. I studied abroad in India and Nepal on a Tibetan and Himalayan Studies program in college. What I experienced there was fascinating and had a profound influence on me. I was taught that while Christianity has a history of rejecting heretics, Buddhism has a history of debate time that’s built into its monastic schedule. Monks are required, rather than encouraged, to question their dogma and step through it. In many ways, Buddhism has a tradition of freethinking.

I gave Buddhist contemplative practices a serious try when I was in Asia. I found meditation to be really hard, especially for someone like me, with a really active mind. The first thing that I realized when I began meditating was how cluttered my thought process is. I found that the intellectual caliber and value of my average thought is similar to the quality of artwork on cereal boxes. Our minds are thinking about nothing all day, like puppies that are constantly wandering away from the newspaper they’re trying to pee on. We put the puppy on the newspaper, maybe it pees for a little bit, but then it wanders off. Meditation attempts to train people to take the puppy and calmly put it back on the newspaper.

I found meditation illuminating. It spoke to my interest in neuroscience and the brain. My education has persuaded me that Western rational thought generally tries to talk about the mind in a very objective, third-person perspective, as if it’s an object on a table that can be dissected. I think this approach lacks introspection. We are conscious all the time, yet Westerners are rarely encouraged to look at the content of their own mental lives. Meditation helps to make people more intimately aware of the reality of their consciousness. While I’m not attracted to dogma or a belief in the supernatural, I think contemplative practice can be beneficial for many in our culture.

Despite my appreciation of contemplative practice, like all religions, I found that Buddhism is inextricable from the people who practice it. Its religious writings, like all religious writings, have been written by people who lived in a particular time, in a particular context. In my view, Buddhism begins with some excellent ideas. But in the same way that Christianity has manifested itself in superstitious and damaging ways, so has Buddhism. Although it claims to be a religion of critical analysis, while I was in Asia, I saw old women who would go outside every day, take prayer wheels, and repeatedly spin them to try to generate good karma. I watched Buddhists who were performing ritual laps around holy sites step over lepers with severed limbs in their attempt to generate good merit. Once, I was sitting in an abbey listening to a lama speak about how the road to enlightenment is found through compassion, through opening one’s heart with love for others. Everyone was reverent, with their heads bowed. Behind him, there was an eight-foot Buddha statue made out of solid gold with an enormous diamond between its eyes. That rock alone could have fed the entire neighborhood for weeks. There’s often an enormous amount of wealth that’s concentrated within religions and, quite frequently, they do not use that money to live out their own stated morality.

After I came back from Asia, I made a decision to come out as an atheist to my family. I was hoping that doing so would be made easier because my sister had already done so. She had had a fiery fallout with the Church based on gay rights, as the Church sees homosexuality as an aberration from God’s natural order.

When I came out, I simply said to my family, “I really just don’t think Greek Orthodoxy is true.” My mom was emotionally injured. My dad said, “How are you going to raise kids? Your mother and I were happy to raise you in a church community because it provided a way for you to become a good person. There’s no way that you can possibly teach your kids morals without religion.” I was floored by that statement.

There were more surprises, too. Over time, I learned that my family’s biggest concern regarding my transformation was not so much about my disbelief in God but rather about how I would meet Greek people and marry a Greek girl. That stunned me. I wondered, “Do Greek people only care about the social aspect of religion?” I began to think that, to many, religion isn’t about believing in God. It’s about community. I have a great deal of affection for that community and for my family, but I was appalled at how quickly my lack of faith had been overlooked and how immediately the attention and concern of my family jumped to cultural consequences. Regardless, I had made up my mind, and the doors of the Church closed behind me forever.

At first, I was rather emotional about losing my religion. I felt angry at having been lied to and was upset about the way that modern Christianity was behaving. I was also scared because in my heart I was worried that my religion might still be true and that, no matter how remote the odds, there was still a chance that I might end up in an eternity of unimaginable torment. Once I got over that, once I realized that that’s not going to happen, that that’s not real, I found true relief.

While I’ve never wavered in my atheism, I do understand its limitations as an idea. I think that most atheists, if pressed, will admit that, to some degree, they’re agnostic, as they’ll have to concede that there’s a lot that they don’t know. Because we believe it’s almost definitely true — that we’re as confident that there is no God as we are about our other firm beliefs about the world — a lot of us are pretty comfortable calling ourselves atheists. That’s my personal position, too.

The transition that has taken place within me has resulted in a positive evolution. While getting rid of my childhood mindset and belief system did invite some new concerns, I’m thrilled to have been freed from a religious thought process. I don’t want to believe a lie or convince myself of something just because it makes me feel good. I think that’s genuinely unintelligent. Insulating oneself in false beliefs — something humans have consistently done throughout history — can allow those beliefs to manifest in damaging ways.

XXIV.

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Greydon Square: A Rational Response

“I distrust those people who know so well what God wants them to do because I notice it always coincides with their own desires.”

— Susan B. Anthony

Raised in group homes, Greydon Square, born Eddie Collins, has lived a unique and often difficult life. Fascinated by religious concepts, particularly that of Armageddon, he became increasingly devout in his teenage years. He recognizes, looking back, that most of his life, from his youth to his time in the military, has been decided for him — when to eat and sleep, what to do, and what to think.

In his 20s, he fell in love. His girlfriend, a fervent Christian, encouraged his musical career, which was becoming, ironically, increasingly anti-religious. As Greydon began distancing himself from his faith, she suddenly died.

Using music as a release, he has released multiple full-length albums, including The Compton Effect, The C.P.T. Theorem, and, most recently, The Kardashev Scale. Learning, he found, gave him a jolt of dopamine. According to him, as long as he got his fix, then he “lived a great life.”

My life has been somewhat unique in the sense that growing up, I was a ward of the court, born into the system. The foster homes that I was raised in were mostly grounded in religion or had some sort of religious influence, either Seventh-day Adventist, L.A. Church of Christ, or Episcopalian. I was raised in this environment and leaned on religion. I didn’t really have any understanding of why my circumstances were the way that they were.

Many foster homes are run by old pastors or preachers who started them because they wanted to perpetuate their own views. All of the kids I knew in foster homes had gone through traumatic experiences and were particularly vulnerable. I didn’t know my mother or my father, and my sister and I were separated when I was fairly young. So I learned from my caretakers. What they taught me was religion.

I was programmed to believe in the basic tenets of Christianity: God, Jesus, the devil, and original sin. I became fascinated with the end of the world, Armageddon. My first rap name was “Apocalypse,” and a lot of my favorite movies and favorite fiction had to do with end of the world scenarios. Religion had the ultimate climactic story, and it was supposed to take place in real life. I felt pretty confident in my religious beliefs, and I never questioned if they were true.

In addition to its excitement, religion provided me with a sometimes-crippling crutch. While it did provide me with something to break from the monotony of gangs, fighting, chores, courts, social workers, attorneys, and visitations, I had real self-esteem issues and believed that God had intentionally made me unattractive. I thought that my placement in foster care had to do with predestination, a trial that I had to endure.

I ended up joining the military right after I turned 18. I was really shy and anti-social. On the weekends, I spent a lot of my time in the barracks making music, trying to perfect my craft. It was a way for me to hide. I knew that music would never shoot me or pull a knife on me, it would never reject me, no matter how good or bad I was at it.

The military was like one big group home. We had allowances. We had outings. Leaders made sure that everyone got along and did what they were supposed to do. Given my background, this environment was something that was very familiar to me. When I got out, I began to realize that most of my life had been lived for me as opposed to me having lived my life, thinking for myself, and deciding my own direction. The transition out of the military was much harder than the transition into it, which showed my dependency on a rigid, structured system.

After I left the armed forces, one particular person, my girlfriend, had a profound influence on me. We were together during what proved to be a pivotal period of my life. One day, we had a conversation about the origins of religion within black culture. I asked her, “Had our ancestors not been a product of the transatlantic slave trade, would we today as African Americans believe in the Judeo-Christian God?” I’ll never forget her reply. She said, “African Americans went through the experience of slavery as part of God’s plan. The reason that there is strife, poverty, and conflict in Africa is because He wanted to deliver certain chosen people into slavery 400 years ago.”

No religious explanation about the world seemed to make sense to me, and I wanted to find one that did. After a lengthy binge gathering information, I went through a period of uncertainty. I thought, “I don’t know if there is a God, but I’m certainly not willing to entertain the existence of the Judeo-Christian God.” To me, that all-loving, all-powerful God came from the same cabinet as the Greek Gods Thor, Dionysus, and Isis. The Judeo-Christian God may be a different bottle of liquor, but they all appeared to me as fundamentally alcohol.

I did more research on the internet. At that point, I had never heard any black person question the basic beliefs of the Christian religion. I continued writing music. I wrote a rhyme that eventually became a part of one of my first songs. I posted the lyrics to the website ExChristian.net and found that some people on the forum really liked what I was talking about. Once I found out that others enjoyed my ideas, I thought, “There are other people who are asking these questions!” I started writing more, and as I wrote, I ran out of material. I needed to continue to learn.

When I was young, I didn’t feel like I was particularly smart. I wasn’t born with a lust for knowledge. Any intelligence that I now have has come both from developing a passion for self-education and from the sheer amount of information that I have consumed. When I realized that learning provided me with a shot of dopamine, I wanted to recreate that experience. I needed it. It became an addiction. I tapped my vein. If I OD’ed on ideas, then I lived a great life.

As I learned more, I began to realize how great of a dude Carl Sagan was. He’s the information junkie’s junkie. Growing up, I had never watched his television series Cosmos. I discovered it as a grown man. Whatever it was that he had that made him speak in the way that he spoke, that made him so eloquent, I knew that I wanted that. Knowledge gave him something, and the only way that he could express what it gave him was to give it back, to try to enlighten people. While I knew that I would never have the intelligence of Carl Sagan, I could share his drive, his passion for knowing the right answer. All that I learned empowered me and fueled my writing.

Music continued to be an outlet. I began writing about how religion had programmed my thinking, discouraging me from thinking for myself. I remember rapping my first completed song to my religious girlfriend. The look on her face said, “I can’t believe that you’re saying this!” I knew that she had never asked the questions that I posed in my lyrics. At that time, I was angry with religion because, for the first time, I was thinking about the meaning of death. I began to realize that I would never again see anyone who had died. I felt as though I had been cheated with an emotional safety net.

Despite our religious differences, my girlfriend and I continued to date. She was, to me, perfect. Right before my first album, The Compton Effect, came out in 2007, she began battling a serious illness. She became so sick that she moved into the hospital. I slept on the floor. Even though I was questioning my religion, that didn’t matter.

Then, she passed away. While I was coming to grips with the implications of losing my faith, I had to deal with her loss, a loss that was unlike any I had ever had. We were emotionally connected right up until the end. I think that I understand why, at the most basic level, she needed a God.

Losing her was incredibly difficult for me. Looking back, it’s interesting and a bit ironic that she was the first person to believe that I would be musically successful. She used to say, “I just want to be there when you become the man that you’re supposed to be.” She’s not here now, but I’ve tried to become the man that she would have wanted me to be.

My life has continued without her. Since her death, I have made multiple full-length albums, each with a different focus. The Compton Effect, my first, was dedicated to discussing and disproving religion, while also detailing my own indoctrination. The C.P.T. Theorem, my second, focused on me personally, looking into my past and describing what I had gone through emotionally in my life. My third album, The Kardashev Scale, made arguments against religiosity in a more cerebral way than my first two, while exploring science and technology.

While my music is now less aggressive toward religion than it once was, I still feel that it’s crucial for people to criticize and understand religion’s ideas and history. To this day, black people still do not raise certain questions about their faith. As African Americans, we need to look at the origins of how we received our religion because it was fundamentally different from the way that most other people have received theirs. We were taught our Christianity with the same madness with which we were broken as slaves. For me, as a black person, I need to understand that truth.

I do have hope. There are black skeptic, freethinking, nonreligious, and atheist groups sprouting up all over the country. Blacks are becoming active in the American secular community. Black culture at large, though, still largely prohibits certain religious topics from being discussed. With more and more blacks becoming visibly secular, I think that may begin to change.

My transition from being religious to nonreligious has been like going from black and white to high definition television. I look back on who I was and what I believed, and I view myself as a psychologically weak individual. For humanity at large to evolve from here, I believe that we need a complete social re-education about how we view each other and ourselves. We think we’re all so far apart, that we’re all so different. We’re not. The only differences that we have are those that we create in our own heads.

XXV.

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Chris Stedman: Atheistic Engagement

“Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity.”

— Horace Mann

At the age of 11, Chris Stedman accepted Christ into his heart at an evangelical church in Minnesota. Raised into a poor and often unstable family, through his church he found both a strong and a caring community. Over time, however, Chris realized a fact about himself that he knew he could not share with his religious community. How could he? According to what he had been taught, people like him not only got the AIDS virus, they were also punished by God in hell.

Viewing his homosexuality as a spiritual test, he fasted and prayed, hoping to change his nature. He became reclusive as his internal struggle became increasingly difficult. Then, one night, he turned on the fan in his father’s bathroom, locked the door, sat down in the bathtub, and, with a knife in his hand, nearly ended his life. Shortly thereafter, his mother found out about what Chris had been dealing with and arranged for him to meet an LGBT-friendly Lutheran minister. This interaction would change his life.

Later, after studying religion at Augsburg College in Minneapolis, Chris lost his faith in God. Despite his atheism, his experiences continued to reinforce the importance of interfaith dialogue. After college, he worked for the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard and has written his own memoir, Faitheist.

I grew up in an irreligious household in Minnesota, just outside of Minneapolis-St. Paul, in a suburb called Coon Rapids. Religion wasn’t really a part of my life when I was young. I was baptized right after I was born, but the baptism was held as an excuse to get my family together and celebrate the addition of a new child. I didn’t grow up going to church and was pretty ignorant of the religious beliefs of others.

When I was 11 years old, I was invited by some friends to go to a youth group at a non-denominational charismatic evangelical community church. There were a couple of factors that preceded that invitation that put me in a position where such a community would be appealing to me. The first was that the year prior, I had started reading a lot of books, like Hiroshima, The Diary of Anne Frank, and Roots. I became aware of all of the suffering in the world, that people committed horrible atrocities against one another. I really didn’t have any way of making sense of that, and I was looking both for a way to put human hardship in some framework and to find hope for justice in the world. The other life-changing event that preceded my budding religiosity was my parents separating. By that point, my father had stopped being a reliable force in my life, and my mother went from being a homemaker to simultaneously working multiple jobs. My family began to disintegrate. As I quickly learned, the youth group had a huge support network and people within it who took an active interest in my life, who wanted to hear about my struggles.

I remember feeling very welcomed. The people there took more than just a superficial interest in me. They immediately cared about what I was going through, and the community was fun and engaging. After my third time there, I thought, “I really like it here. I like these people’s beliefs. They are trying to make a difference in the world.” The idea that there was someone watching over me, someone who would take care of me, was also appealing. So I decided to accept Christ into my heart.

I became really involved in the church. Wednesday night youth group always kicked off with icebreaker games and worship music. People would then break up into small groups, discuss what was going on in their lives, and do Bible study. I loved reading and discussing the Bible. One of the things that drew me to Christianity was the idea of Jesus being a social reformer. I saw him as a rule breaker. To me, he was someone who had relationships with the people who were seen as less than everybody else. I had grown up in an environment where I could see that there was economic disparity between my family and others in our society. I always felt like I was not seen as being on the same level as some of my peers. According to what I heard from my church, Christianity leveled the playing field. The youth group had a mix of people from all walks of life, both the popular kids and kids like me.

But problems began to arise. After just a couple of months as a Christian, I finally admitted something to myself that I’ve always known: I’m queer. That presented an enormous internal conflict.

I knew that being gay was not something that was acceptable in the eyes of my church. Homosexuality was often discussed in the small groups and in the sermons. The Teen Study Bible that I had said that if you are gay or if you practice the “gay lifestyle,” you will be punished by God, get AIDS, and burn in hell forever.

I tried to turn myself into a heterosexual. I knew that being gay was not something that I had chosen, but I remember beginning to believe that my homosexuality was a spiritual test, some kind of punishment that I had received for not being a good enough Christian. I was determined to rise to the occasion and beat my ailment. I doubled down and began spending my lunch period at school in the evangelical math teacher’s classroom fasting and doing Bible study. On the surface I appeared to be a model Christian, but on the inside, I was slowly coming apart.

I kept my secret to myself. I was convinced that if I revealed the truth about my sexuality, I would be cast out. As a child, I was full of life, interested in everything and very inquisitive. But once this struggle started, I became pretty reclusive, spending my nights in devotion in my room. Even though she was preoccupied with trying to keep us together as a family, my mother started to wonder if something was wrong.

Things got worse, and I got to a really dark place. I couldn’t understand why I was being punished; I felt like I was being the perfect Christian. I started contemplating suicide. One night at my father’s place, when he wasn’t home and my siblings were asleep, I went to the kitchen and took out a knife. I went into the bathroom, turned on the fan, and locked the door. I sat down in the bathtub. I had all these romantic notions of suicide, but it didn’t feel romantic to me. I was sobbing, snot dripping down my face. I held the knife above my wrist and mimed cutting my wrist just to try it out to see what it would be like.

I couldn’t do it. I was so unhappy, but somewhere deep down inside of me I wasn’t quite ready to quit. I don’t know whether I decided to go on because I felt like there was still hope for me to change or whether I believed that I didn’t need to change, but I knew that I had to find a way to become okay with who I am.

I began what would become an uphill climb. I started keeping a notebook that I filled with different Bible verses that I felt gave me hope that change within Christianity was possible. I hid it in the back of my closet. One day, my mom went into my room to clean up, and she found it. She read it and discovered the truth. She picked me up from lifeguard training, told me that she had found my notebook, and that she knew what I was struggling with. Being in the closet, I was constantly terrified, convinced that if anyone knew, everyone would be horrified by me. When my mom told me she had discovered the truth, I thought, “This is it, say goodbye to your life.” I was worried that I might be disowned. But my mom was compassionate, and the next day, she took me to see an LGBT-friendly minister. For the first time, I was exposed to an alternate Scriptural position on homosexuality. My mom had called up Lutheran churches in the area, looking for someone who could talk to me. The minister she eventually connected with had a gay roommate in college and felt very strongly about LGBT equality. The conversations that I had with him changed my life.

I spent the rest of high school being a progressive Christian. I reconciled my homosexuality and my Christianity and became involved in the movement for LGBT equality in Christian churches. I found an Evangelical Lutheran Church of America congregation with an openly gay minister. They had a group that met on Sunday afternoons for LGBT high school students who wanted to discuss these issues in a safe space. Eventually, they hosted the first pro-LGBT summer camp for Christian teens. I felt really welcomed by that community.

Despite my religious progress, I recognized that I still had some long-held doubts about my Christian faith. I had always been taught that doubt was a test, not something to be upheld as a virtue. I remember being in an evangelical church when I was in middle school and watching everyone speaking in tongues. I could never join in. At the time, I thought the reason why I couldn’t was because I was spiritually unclean. Although these experiences contributed to my doubts, I had a community that was welcoming, and at the time, that was the most important thing to me.

It wasn’t until I was in college that I really started to have serious, open skepticism. I went to a Lutheran school in Minnesota, Augsburg College, and studied to receive a degree in religion. I enrolled believing that I wanted to go into the ministry. I felt like my experiences had prepared me to help struggling people. I thought that perhaps God had put me through my experiences so that I could have empathy for others.

It was in my first religion class at Augsburg that I was exposed to information that destroyed my faith. I learned about the existence of whole sections of the Bible that I’d never been exposed to. I discovered that certain books had been left out of the Bible altogether and that the Bible had been pieced together by a group of people who decided which parts would go into it and which would not. I was introduced to competing interpretations of Scripture and to the beliefs of other world religions. I remember feeling inundated with this information, all of which was presented to me from a very unbiased perspective. This initiated a period of critical reflection on my initial conversion. I started thinking about the reasons why I had become a Christian in the first place. I began to realize that my conversion was less about a belief in God than it was about social justice values and the feeling of inclusion that came with being part of a community. Very quickly, in that first semester, I realized that I no longer believed.

My transition out of Christianity was hard. I still wanted to have faith because my beliefs had been a source of comfort for me, a way to bring meaning to my life. I felt resentful when I realized that I truly did not believe in God because religion had made my struggle with my sexuality so difficult for so long.

I began to search. At first, I checked out Buddhism and started going to meditation centers. Simultaneously, I was open about my atheism and became a very vocal critic of religion. I remained a religion major, but I began studying the subject from a strictly academic perspective. In class, I often felt like the sole voice of reason among my religious peers, and it became important to me to challenge religious beliefs whenever possible. I considered myself to be firmly anti-Christian, and, more generally, anti-religious.

After college, I got a job working with adults with developmental disabilities in northern Minnesota. I got particularly close with one individual. One night, he brought me his book of prayers and asked if I would read one to him. He was unable to speak, so he asked by giving me the book and using signs. At first, I didn’t want to, but I gave it some thought and decided that I would. I expected that after I was done, I would feel one of two things: one, that I would feel how I often felt when I saw other people engaging in religious practices, which was revulsion and annoyance, or two, that I would feel a longing to return to Christianity. To my surprise, I didn’t feel either. Instead, I felt grateful that I had been introduced to that part of his life. I felt like we had become closer and that I better understood him as a human being.

I began to realize that I had many opportunities to learn more about what other people believed — to understand where they were coming from — that I had rejected by refusing to constructively talk about religious topics. In college, there was a community center that I brought food to once a week. It was in an area that has the largest population of Somalians anywhere in the world outside of Somalia itself. The majority of them were Muslims. Anytime something about religion came up, I would disengage. I had so many missed opportunities to learn more about their perspective and to allow them to learn more about where I was coming from as well. I started realizing all of the positive conversations that can take place when people communicate with one another about their beliefs. Because of this, I decided to go back to school to do graduate work in religion.

I decided to go to school in Chicago, and I did so for two reasons. The city has an inter-seminary program that allows students who are enrolled in any one school to take classes at all of them. I wanted to study within religious institutions alongside people who were preparing for a lifetime of religious leadership so that I could better understand their motivations. The second reason I wanted to be in Chicago was because there’s an organization based there — I ended up working there while I was getting my master’s — called the Interfaith Youth Core that was founded by Eboo Patel. He authored a book that transformed the way that I thought about religion. He posited that inter-religious conflict could be addressed through engaging religious diversity, a concept that I found really intriguing.

I found that most of the aspiring religious leaders were getting involved in ministry for the same reasons that I had wanted to. They genuinely hoped to effect social change and work with people on the challenges that they faced in their lives. They saw their religious communities as the ideal forum through which they could accomplish their goals. Getting to know them confirmed my suspicion that a lot of people who enter a life of religion do so because they truly want to help improve society.

These conclusions influenced the trajectory of my career. I was able to work for the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard. I loved the work that I did there: engaging students, encouraging interfaith outreach, and organizing community service efforts. It was a dream position for me because I did exactly what I advocated for in my writing: encouraging nonreligious people to seek out opportunities to increase their understanding of people from different walks of life. I believe that secularists need to move into robust collaborative relationships with people from a variety of different perspectives, thereby allowing people to actually get stuff done in the world.

One of the things that I’ve learned from my interfaith organizing is that there are still subjects that provoke profound disagreement. One such issue is the morality of homosexuality. These are conversations that are easy to avoid, and some people only want to have easy conversations. But what I’ve found is that establishing relationships with people who have diverse outlooks causes people on all sides to humanize the very people they had seen as being so different from themselves, with whom they couldn’t imagine having anything in common. Once you humanize, you’re forced to empathize with them and see your happiness, your success, your ability to live freely, as being bound up in their happiness, their success, and their ability to live freely in the world. This is the concept of inter-religious pluralism — the idea that while there isn’t going to be a consensus on controversial issues, there can be a consensus on the fact that in order for us to live in the world together as diverse people, we have to come to agree on whether or not we will allow people to live lives that we might personally disagree with.

This philosophy extends to two of the most demonized sections of the population in the world right now: Muslims and homosexuals. I have written about why I think the Islamic community and the queer community would do well to engage in more dialogue with one another. I draw on my own personal experiences as a queer atheist working with some very heavily Muslim communities. I have become a strong and vocal critic of anti-Muslim rhetoric and anti-Muslim bias because of my work with them. The more that I began to know Muslims, the more personal relationships I developed, and the more members of the Muslim community started to ask me how they could advocate for me as a queer person and as an atheist.

My favorite part of my job at Harvard was visiting college campuses, often with a religious group and an atheist group. I loved seeing the conversations that followed a speech or workshop, getting to talk to students about what the world looks like from their angle. I’ve been very impressed by the students I’ve met and humbled by the work that they’re doing in their communities.

One particular campus visit highlights why I think interfaith work is so important. The campus ministry office from a college in rural Pennsylvania brought me to speak. They booked me for a full day of activities: speaking in classes, leading a workshop, giving an evening speech. At every event that I did, at least one student would come up to me afterward and quietly say, “I’m an atheist, and it’s not something that I’ve felt like I can talk about with other people. I’m really looking for a community, but I don’t know where to find one.” In many ways, these students are asking the same questions and struggling with the same issues that I had been dealing with earlier in my life. Later that day, I had a consulting meeting with the campus ministry office. I said, “Look, you have these atheist students. They’re looking for resources. You have an office of religious life and host a student group for the few Muslim students, for the few Buddhist students, for the few Jewish students. Why isn’t there some kind of atheist student group?” By the end of the day, they had financially and institutionally committed to supporting a group for students who don’t believe in God.

Overall, I see the secular student movement moving in some very good directions. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of secular student groups that are engaging in collaborative events with other student groups, and I think that’s so important. To me, at the end of the day, the most important thing about a secular student group is that it provides a safe space and a community for like-minded people, especially in environments where their beliefs represent a minority and perhaps marginalized viewpoint. I think that when these secular groups work with other groups and are able to have positive and healthy relationships with them, it does a lot to dispel many of the myths that exist about atheists. It makes their campus climate a lot safer for nonreligious students. The trailblazing work that these students are doing is going to have a huge impact on the environment of these campuses in the future.

Looking back at my life, it’s impossible for me to say what my life would now be like if I hadn’t gone through what I did. Growing up, I was a gregarious, self-confident kid. I don’t remember this, but my mom likes to tell a story about a childhood birthday party that I attended with a bunch of my cousins. One of them came up to me and asked, “Oh, isn’t this ice cream so good?” I deadpanned and responded, “It’s not ice cream, it’s sherbet!” At that age, what mattered to me most was being correct. I didn’t have a lot of empathy for other people’s experiences. My hardships since then have made me the individual I am today. I like to think that I’ve become a more open-minded, caring, and compassionate person. I don’t know that I would go back and change my difficult moments. Oddly, in many ways, I’m grateful for them.

I do still think that my belief that there is no God is probably correct. I try to be humble about all of my convictions and am open to being proven wrong. I’m pretty confident in my atheism, though, and find that it actually gives me a lot of satisfaction at the end of the day. When I believed that there was an afterlife and that there was a God, I was scared of life and never really lived in the moment. I was always thinking about what was going to come later. Now that I don’t believe that there is an afterlife, it’s really important to me to try to remember to live right now, in the present moment, making the world around me the best that it can be for myself and for others.

About the Author

From 2008-2011, Dan Riley worked as a campus organizer in the outreach department at the non-profit think tank the Center for Inquiry. He got to know many secular student leaders during his time with CFI. Finding many of their personal journeys to atheism to be fascinating, compelling, and unique, he decided to create a book that tells their stories. The initial work that has resulted in Generation Atheist began at a student conference in 2009.

Dan is a 2006 graduate of Duke University.

Copyright

Copyright © 2012 by Dan Riley

All Rights Reserved

For more information about either the book or special discounts for bulk purchases, visit www.GenerationAtheistBook.com or e-mail GenerationAtheistBook@gmail.com.

Content

Dan Riley
GENERATION ATHEIST

GUIDE (BY INDIVIDUAL’S RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. ______________ Jon Adams: Unworthy Mormonism

II. ______________ Jessica Ahlquist: Courage in Cranston

III. ______________ Michael Amini — Michael’s Story

IV. ______________ Jason Ball: You’re Not in Australia Anymore

V. ______________ Ed Beck: Greeks, God and the Marine Corps

VI. ______________ Joe Bochinski: Consistency vs. Christianity

VII. ______________ Rachael-Dawn Craig: Freedom from Fear

VIII. ______________ JT Eberhard: Evangelical Activism

IX. ______________ Damon Fowler: Ostracism in Bastrop

X. ______________ J.A.G.: The Psychology of Religion

XI. ______________ Eric Gold: Batman, Judaism, and God

XII. ______________ Lucy Gubbins: Becoming a Happy Atheist

XIII. ______________ Mark Hatcher: From Child Missionary to Black Atheist

XIV. ______________ Harrison Hopkins: South Carolina Secularist

XV. ______________ Moiz Malik Khan: An Atheist Ex-Muslim in America

XVI. ______________ Yerret J. Maclovich: My Father’s I’s

XVII. ______________ Jennifer McCreight: The Evolution of Atheism

XVIII. ______________ Stef McGraw: An Atheist in Iowa

XIX. ______________ Hemant Mehta: Both Friendly and Atheist

XX. ______________ Lydia Murphy: Losing Religion and Anti-Religion

XXI. ______________ A.N.: From Bombay to Oklahoma

XXII. ______________ Jon Nelson: Skepticism in the Heartland

XXIII. ______________ Jimmy Pianka: Outgrowing Greek Orthodoxy

XXIV. ______________ Greydon Square: A Rational Response

XXV. ______________ Chris Stedman: Atheistic Engagement

About the Author

Copyright