John Maddox Roberts

An Academic Question

One of the best things about Athens is that it isn't Gaul. That year my family wanted me out of Rome. I, in turn, did not want to go back to Caesar's army in Gaul. For once the family concurred, not because Gaul was so dangerous and unpleasant but because nobody was winning any glory there except Caesar. If you believed the dispatches he sent back for publication he was conquering the place all by himself.

But to stand for higher office I needed more military time on my record. This is not to say that Gaul was the only area of Roman military operations that year. Cassius Longinus was fighting the Parthians in Syria, and Appius Claudius was, technically, still at war in Cilicia. But Syria was an ill-starred place since the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae and bad blood lay between my family and the Claudians.

Fortuitously, a minor outbreak of piracy occurred in the waters around Cyprus and I was offered an equally minor naval command to deal with it. Like any sensible Roman I detest sea duty, but, upon consideration of the alternatives, I took it.

The secret of handling such an assignment in those days was, simply: don't rush it. I had a whole year ahead of me to crush these nautical bandits so I determined to take my time getting to Cyprus, be leisurely in my naval operations, and get back to Rome just in time to stand for next year's praetorship.

So, when on the way to Cyprus my little flotilla put in at Piraeus, I was quick to take the opportunity to laze about for a few days and see the sights. I admired the fortifications of Piraeus, built more than four centuries before by Themistocles, and walked the impressive length of the Long Walls, which connected the port with Athens by a continuous stretch of fortification.

Accompanied by my slave, Hermes, I walked between the walls all the way to the city. I could have hired a horse or been carried in a litter but I needed to stretch my legs after the voyage and, in any case, such luxuries were still frowned upon by my class in those days. A public man of military age was expected to make a show of simplicity, especially among degenerate foreigners.

I presented myself at the house of the Roman prefect, one Publius Serrius, an agreeable drudge, and let him know that I was on no official business in Athens and would be truly happy not to be involved in any during my stay. Hermes stashed our meagre baggage in the room we were given, and I was off to see the sights.

It pains me to admit it, but Athens proved to be as beautiful as everyone said. It has been devastated and sacked a number of times but I saw no evidence of this. Admirers from the world over vie with one another to adorn Athens, and it is full of beautiful works of art and splendid architecture. The city is much smaller than you would expect so it is easy to see everything in a short time. Within two days I had seen the sights of the Acropolis, the Stoa and the Erechtheum and everything else. I had seen so many statues that my sleep was populated with them.

That evening at dinner I remarked to my host that I had run out of noteworthy things to see and asked if he had any suggestions, since I had to depart soon. He turned to the man reclining to his left. 'What do you suggest, Androcles?' This man was a philosopher, one of those tiresome people who spend their lives just thinking about things but never doing anything. He wore the requisite shabby robe and untrimmed beard and had clearly put in long hours practising at looking wise.

'Has the senator visited the Academy? It is just a short walk from the city by way of the Dipylum Gate.'

'The Academy?' I said. 'Isn't that where Socrates taught?'

He looked pained. 'Plato, sir. The Platonic school still meets there, as they have for more than three hundred years.'

Serrius must have caught my expression. 'It is one of the most beautiful groves in the world, Decius Caecilius. Besides exquisite plantings and landscaping it contains some wonderful sculptures.'

That was more like it. The last thing I wanted to do was listen to boring old philosophers jabbering at one another, but a fine garden is always a delight to any Roman's heart.

'I will be most happy to be your guide,' Androcles said. Philosophers always have their hands out for a tip.

'The Academy,' Androcles said, 'takes its name from Academus, a hero of the Trojan War. He first planted this grove, and willed it to his native city, Athens.'

We were strolling along outside the city, alongside the river Cephissus. It was more a creek than a river. Like Rome, Athens has spilled outside its old walls and we were not in open country, but rather in a sort of suburb called the Ceramicus, because many of the city's potters had their homes and workshops there. I had given Hermes the day off.

'That was one influential group of veterans,' I said. 'Every city I've ever visited was founded by a Trojan fleeing the sack of Troy or else by someone who fought there on the Greek side.'

'So it seems. The Trojan prince Aeneas founded Rome, according to legend.'

'That's how the story goes,' I said. 'There is ample room for scepticism, but it may soon be inadvisable to voice doubts.'

'Why should that be?'

'Because Julius Caesar himself claims descent from the goddess Venus by way of Aeneas. Casting doubts upon the ancestry of Caesar is a poor idea these days.'

'I shall keep that in mind. Ah, here we are.' We stood before a life-sized statue whose inscription identified it as Plato. This was not one of the wonderfully polished and refined sculptures of the city but a rather plain chunk of marble with a coarse finish. In keeping with philosophical simplicity, no doubt.

The statue stood by an equally simple gate in a stone wall perhaps eight feet high. We passed within and I gazed with some awe, which I took pains to conceal, on the most perfect outdoor setting of my long and varied experience.

The Academy was not at all what I had expected. In my mind I had pictured a garden about the size of a typical country villa's, with a circle of stone seats in the centre where students could listen to the harangues of a teacher and pretend that they weren't bored to death. Instead I discovered a varied grove as big as a good-sized farm, landscaped in low hills so that you could not see the whole thing, but every turn in the many paths revealed a view that made the breath catch in your throat. Light and shade were perfectly balanced, with trained vines arching upon arbors over many of the paths, trimmed so that you could always see through them and plenty of sunlight was available.

Classes took place mostly in little clearings where the students simply sat on the soft grass, though some energetic teachers walked about as they spoke, their students following. Many of these students gave every evidence of paying attention.

The sculptures were small, exquisite, and widely spaced 'so that they become objects of contemplation, rather than distraction,' Androcles explained.

We rounded a curve and came upon a gymnasium where fifty or sixty naked young men ran, wrestled, jumped, played ball or swam in a pool that looked like the jewel of a god dropped there and forgotten. I had not imagined that the Academy included physical pursuits but Androcles explained that Plato had insisted that it was useless to cultivate the mind if the body was not given equally rigorous training.

There is this to be said about the noble youth of Athens: they are beautiful. I had heard this phenomenon described by Cicero, but had never quite believed it. I looked them all over and could not perceive a flaw anywhere. Compared to them, a similar muster of young Romans of my own class on the Campus Martius was a festival of ugliness. I have never shared the Greek erotic fascination with boys, but in this place I could understand its appeal.

'What do you do in these parts?' I asked my guide. 'Drown the ugly ones at birth?'

'In Athens,' he said, 'we have devoted many centuries to cultivating excellence in all things.'

'Well, you've been successful in most areas,' I admitted. 'Too bad you couldn't add politics and military affairs to the lot.'

'Rome's excellence in these areas,' he said drily, 'makes up for many shortcomings.'

I deserved that. I should not have been so belittling. It just seemed unfair that any people should possess so much beauty in one small place.

My attention was drawn toward a patch of shade in a corner of the exercise yard. In an alcove formed by a half-circle of olive trees a truly spectacular youth sat playing the lyre, surrounded by admirers, most of them older men but a few about his own age.

He was fairer of hair than most Greeks, his features so perfectly cut that he could have made a living posing for sculptors as one of the better-looking gods. His physique was superb, but I could detect no scars, so the wonderfully proportioned muscles were all for show. He had never stood in the battle line and, Greek military activity being what it was by that time, was unlikely to.

Androcles caught the direction of my gaze. 'Ah, the incomparable Isaeus is here. You are lucky, Senator. He does not come here often.'

'Well, I wouldn't have made a special trip just to get a look at him but he is striking. Who are those men admiring him? Other than the usual gaggle of pederasts, I mean?'

'These are connoisseurs of art as well as of beauty. The tall man with the near-white beard is Rhoecus. He is a very rich man who sponsors plays at the great festivals. The burly man with the short brown beard is Agesander the sculptor. Some judge him to be the finest of this generation. His Diomedes and Odysseus, dedicated at Delphi by the Thebans, is wonderful to behold. The bald one is Neacles, famed teacher of the lyre. Isaeus is his student.'

'Teaches him for free, I'll bet. Who are the younger ones?' I cannot say why I was so curious, except that this scene, civilised as it was, was so far from anything you could expect to encounter in Rome.

'That superb one, only slightly less beautiful than Isaeus himself, is Melanthus, his rival in almost everything. They are close companions, despite the fact that Melanthus comes in second in everything.' This youth, perhaps a year or two older than Isaeus, had features as fine and a body as perfect, but his hair was dark and his complexion a commonplace olive. In truth he was no less handsome than his friend, just less striking.

'The younger boy is Amyntas, the son of Rhoecus, a very promising athlete who displays poetic talent as well.' This lad had curly brown hair and an agreeable, snub-nosed face. He displayed some dark down on his chin and upper lip, but was a year or so from his first shave.

'The rest, young and old, are simply admirers, people of taste but no reputation.' And every damned one of them, of whatever age or station, was mooning over that boy like Paris panting over Helen. Well, they were Greeks.

'Would you like to meet him?' Androcles asked.

'Decidedly,' I said, 'just so I can brag about it when I get back home.'

Isaeus paused in his song at our approach. His eyes widened to take in my plain woollen tunic with its senator's stripe, the military boots and belt that proclaimed my warlike status, and last of all my typically Roman face with its numerous scars and long, Metellan nose. To his credit, he did not recoil in horror.

'Isaeus, gentlemen,' Androcles proclaimed, 'allow me to introduce a distinguished visitor. This is the noble Senator Decius Caecilius Metellus the Younger, lately Urban Aedile of Rome, now on his way to Cyprus to crush the pirates in the eastern sea.' One by one they were introduced, took my hand and murmured polite inanities.

We Romans are quite aware that nobody loves us. Greeks, in particular, have had to swallow a lot of pride in bending their necks to the Roman yoke. But the better educated among them, like those men present upon this occasion, knew perfectly well that they were hopelessly inept at managing their own affairs, and that the Roman hand rested very lightly on Greece. We put down their seditions gently, taxed them lightly, and spent great sums repairing and adorning their cities and shrines after we'd looted them in the first place. Only Corinth suffered greatly. We had to make an example of somebody. Nobody ever did as much damage to the Greeks as their fellow Greeks anyway.

So these men were probably not faking extravagantly in proclaiming their pleasure in meeting me.

'Senator,' Rhoecus said, 'you do us honour. Will you honour me further by taking dinner at my house tonight?'

'The honour will be mine,' I told him, having no graceful way out. I knew all too well the austerity of Greek dining habits. However, I might one day find myself governing Athens and it is always good to have the rich men on your side. It makes the job so much easier. Rhoecus extended his invitation to all those present and all accepted, although Isaeus seemed as reluctant as I.

I turned to the sculptor. 'Agesander, you are famed everywhere I go. On Rhodes I saw your superb Aphrodite and Eros, and in Syracuse I was taken to see your Dionysus Dancing before I was allowed to see anything else. It is the pride of the city.'

He inclined his head graciously. 'The Muses have guided my hands. But those were early works. I hope that the group I am now completing will surpass all my earlier efforts.'

'What might this project be?' I asked him.

'He's sculpting Achilles and Patroclus!' Amyntas cried. 'With Isaeus and Melanthus as his models!' This earned the boy some stern looks. Well-bred Greek boys are not supposed to intrude upon the conversations of their elders unless invited. Amyntas gazed upon Isaeus with adoration.

'A wonderful subject,' I commended. 'And I cannot imagine two finer models for the roles.' No harm in laying on a little flattery, I thought. 'Will this group be in marble as at Rhodes, or in bronze as at Syracuse?'

'I am portraying the heroes in marble,' he said, 'nude, of course, as is the convention in heroic sculpture, and only lightly tinted. The helmets and shields are being executed in bronze to my design and cast by Melanippus, who performs all my bronze casting. The armour of Achilles, of course, was the work of a god, and I hope I will be forgiven if the quality of my shield falls a trifle short of that divine standard.'

'But,' I said, 'the armour of Achilles was not made by Vulcan – Hephaestus, I should say, until Patroclus was dead.'

'Quite perceptive,' the sculptor said. 'In fact, the title of the group is Achilles and Patroclus reunited in the Fields of Elysium. I could not resist having a try at sculpting that shield as it is described in the Iliad.' He looked about him. 'I always picture Elysium looking rather like the Academy.'

'It is an incomparable place,' I agreed. 'Agesander, would it be too great an imposition to ask to see this sculpture? I know many artists are touchy and never allow anyone to see a work in progress, but I must return to my ships tomorrow and I may never get to Miletus.'

He smiled amiably. 'By all means. I love nothing more than seeing the stone and metal take shape beneath my hands and I would not deny others this pleasure. As it occurs, all is finished except for some details of the pedestal and the bronze work. It would please me if all of you would come to my studio and tell me what you think.'

I would never pose as a connoisseur, and my grasp of other aspects of Greek culture is dismally low, but I have a lifelong love for fine sculpture and this offer alone made the trip to Athens worthwhile.

The younger men donned their clothes, which didn't amount to much – just brief chitons draped from one shoulder and concealing nothing. It was interesting to see the three of them move. Even in the simple act of rising and dressing, I could see that Isaeus had the perfect poise of a dancer, Melanthus the feral grace of a warrior, and Amyntas the springy co-ordination of an athlete.

The walk to the studio was a short one. It was just a simple shed with two open sides, only enough to keep out rain and let in as much light as possible. In its centre stood a magnificent sculpture and we all admired it for a while. The youths were portrayed in incredibly lifelike fashion, symmetrically but naturally posed, each with an arm around the other's shoulder. Each had a hand extended to one side. Clearly, when it was finished, the extended hands would rest upon the rims of their shields. The tops and backs of their heads were unfinished.

'Isn't it conventional,' I said, 'to portray Achilles as somewhat larger than any of the other heroes except for Ajax?'

'I have departed from convention here,' Agesander said. 'My models are utter perfection, and taking liberties with such perfection could anger the Muses. I have depicted them as the same size, exactly as in life.'

'Why are the heads not finished?' asked Rhoecus.

'When complete, they will be wearing helmets. These are of the Corinthian design, pushed up to display their faces – in fact, here come those helmets now.'

A crew of workmen arrived at the studio, carrying wooden stretchers which bore weighty objects covered with protective cloths. Agesander drew back the cloths to inspect the work, revealing a pair of imposing helmets and two broad, circular shields. The shield of Patroclus bore a Gorgon mask on its face. That of Achilles, slightly larger, was covered with the incredible design of concentric circles of cities, battles and so forth as described in the Iliad.

'Melanippus has done an excellent job, as usual,' Agesander proclaimed. 'When finished, the details will be highlighted in silver and gold. This group was commissioned by the citizens of Miletus, and they have paid for the very best treatment.'

'Such a sculpture,' said Neacles, the lyre teacher, 'would assure the reputation of any city.'

'The Milesians are singularly fortunate,' Rhoecus agreed.

For once, I had no argument with the fulsomeness of the praise. As far as I was concerned, this work was beyond praise.

The house of Rhoecus was a short walk from the studio. His table was as austere as I had feared but the conversation, which in this company was mostly devoted to art, was agreeable enough. I did not understand Neacles' more technical comments concerning the lyre, especially when he dragged in the theories of Pythagoras, but overall it wasn't nearly as boring as I had expected.

It was interesting to study the interplay among the younger men. They were something new in my experience, whereas I had seen numerous specimens of the other types. Isaeus and Melanthus displayed a clear affection, together with that distance which always characterises rivals. Amyntas, on the other hand, showed an almost embarrassing infatuation with Isaeus, constantly fawning over him, serving his plate like a servant and so forth. Oddly, the others did not seem to regard this as improper behaviour. Greeks, you know.

'And now,' said Rhoecus as the plates were cleared away, the drinking bowl was brought in and the wreaths were passed around, 'we must excuse the young men. All three are in training for the next Isthmian Games and have taken a sacred vow not to touch wine and to be abed within an hour of sunset.'

Isaeus, Melanthus and Amyntas took their leave respectfully. The elder two had spoken scarcely a dozen words between them since being introduced to me. Although grown epheboi, they were still of an age to keep silence before their elders.

Rhoecus was elected master of ceremonies. He decreed the wine should be mixed with no more than one-third part water and that each of us should regale the party with a story or song, beginning with me.

So I gave them the rousing story of Mucius Scaevola, who, when captured by Tarquin the Proud, thrust his own hand into the brazier of coals and did not flinch while it burned to a stump, to show the Etruscans how contemptuous the Romans were of death and torture. I received polite applause. It is often better to make a point with foreigners than to please them.

'A very – ah, how shall I say – Roman story,' commended Rhoecus. 'And now, Neacles?'

The old man made a production of tuning his lyre and graced us with a wonderful song in praise of Apollo. This, someone whispered to me, was the song with which Neacles had taken the Olympic prize twenty years before.

The applause was just dying down when a slave rushed in, breathless and bug-eyed.

'Murder!' he cried. 'Murder at the studio of Agesander!'

'Who is this?' I asked.

'Why,' Agesander said, 'this is one of my slaves. What are you babbling about, you fool? Are you drunk? If so, I'll have the hide off your back!'

'No! It is murder! Come look!' The man appeared to be some sort of Asiatic, and in his agitation he forgot his Greek and lapsed into his native gibberish.

'We had better go look,' Rhoecus said. Everyone rose, doffing their wreaths and looking about for their sandals. I was last out the door, first dipping another cup of wine and draining it. I winced at the taste of the resin Greeks use so excessively in their wine. It never kept me from drinking it though.

Back at the studio, our torches illuminated a dismal scene. At the base of the wonderful sculpture a corpse lay, facedown, its dark hair bloodied. At the order of Agesander, slaves turned him over, revealing the handsome features of Melanthus. It looked as if the evening would be livelier than I had anticipated.

'My friends,' Rhoecus said sadly, 'I fear that we must summon the city Archon and the leading men. Somebody fetch Isaeus and my son as well.'

'Don't forget the Roman governor,' I said, reminding them of who had the real power here.

While various slaves and flunkies scurried to carry out these orders, I examined the studio. All was much as we had left it, save that the shield of Achilles now lay face-down on the floor and one of the helmets lay near it. I squatted by the helmet and looked it over. The bronze crest was clotted with blood and hair. It had been the murder weapon.

Grasping an edge of the shield, I rocked it. It moved ponderously. It was not a battle shield, made of wood and faced with thin bronze. It was a piece of sculpture, made of solid bronze and as thick as a man's palm. Crossing to the statue, I examined the position of the hands. Below each was a slot cut into the pedestal and artfully disguised by carved grass. The lower rims of the shields would rest in these slots. By the time I finished my examination quite a throng had gathered, many of the men still wearing wreaths from interrupted drinking bouts. As word of the victim's identity spread their mood turned ugly. One of the city's most promising youths had been murdered.

In short order the city's Archon arrived, along with his board of counsellors, all distinguished men. Serrius arrived, and I was happy to see that he had foresightedly brought a strong guard of auxiliaries from the Greek levies. The Archon called for silence.

'We must have an orderly presentation of the evidence,' said the white-bearded elder. 'I call upon all to remain calm. Who last saw this man alive?'

Rhoecus came forward and gave an account of our dinner party and how the young men had withdrawn before the symposium. He spoke with a philosopher's impassivity but I could see the worry on his face. I didn't blame him.

'Isaeus son of Diocles and Amyntas son of Rhoecus,' the Archon said, 'come forward.' I had to hand it to them, these Athenians knew how to conduct a proper inquest. The two young men came forward. Both produced very convincing cries and tears upon seeing the bloody corpse of their late friend.

'Amyntas,' said the Archon, 'tell us how you last saw Melanthus.'

'It was at my father's house!' the boy said through his tears. 'I bid Isaeus and Melanthus goodnight at the door and went to my room to sleep, I swear it!'

'Isaeus?'

'Why, at the door of Rhoecus' house I left Melanthus in conversation with Amyntas and went to my own home. I do not know why my friend has lied about the matter.' He looked at the boy with hurt surprise, which was reciprocated.

'Clearly,' said the Archon, 'though it grieves me to say it, one of these two noble youths is culpable in this crime. Until we can decide which of them is guilty, both must be placed under arrest.'

'It was Amyntas!' shouted someone in the crowd. 'We all know how jealous he was of godlike Melanthus!' A distressing faction of the crowd agreed, loudly.

'My son is innocent!' Rhoecus cried. 'He was the friend of Melanthus!'

'And Melanthus was my friend!' Isaeus shouted. His cheering section backed him up.

'May I speak?' I said in my best Forum voice.

'Senator?' said the Archon. 'What interest have you in this matter?'

'Noble Athenians,' Serrius said, 'the Senator Decius Caecilius Metellus has a certain reputation in Rome for criminal investigations. He has often acted on behalf of our praetors and brought in many convictions.'

'Then we would like to hear his observations,' said the Archon. Rhoecus said nothing but when he looked at me there was pleading in his eyes.

I stepped into the centre of the studio. 'My Athenian friends, I am going to make some observations and demand some actions. I request that none of you ask questions until I am done. First: Isaeus, pick up that shield.' I pointed to the shield of Achilles.

He shrugged, stooped and grasped the massive thing in both hands. Making a show of it, he raised the bronze disc over his head, his muscles flexing prettily. From the audience came murmurs of admiration, even shouts that this proved his innocence.

There is an old Greek story that the sculptor Praxiteles, accused of impiety for sculpting the goddess Aphrodite nude for the first time in the history of Greek art, summoned in his defence the model for the statue, the famous courtesan Phryne. Whipping off her gown, he displayed her naked to the jury and demanded how anyone could find impiety in such beauty. Dazzled, the jury voted acquittal. This sort of jurisprudence would never sway a Roman jury, but it seemed to have its adherents in Athens.

'Amyntas,' I said, 'pick it up.'

The boy went to the shield, stooped, grasped and struggled to raise it, but could not get it higher than his knees. Defeated, he laid it back on the floor.

'Amyntas is a promising young man,' I said, 'but unlike Isaeus, he has not yet achieved his full strength.'

'Why do you go on about the shield?' Isaeus demanded. 'Anyone can see that Melanthus was killed with the helmet, Amyntas would have no trouble picking that up.'

'Quite true,' I said, picking up the object in question. 'Like the shield it has been cast of thick bronze and designed to last for ages. It probably weighs forty pounds, ten times the weight of a battle helmet. The narrow edge of the arching crest was brought down upon the head of Melanthus from behind. Quite within the physical abilities of this youth.' Isaeus began to smile, but I sobered his face with my next statement: 'The shield, though, provided the motive for this murder.'

'This will require some explanation, Senator,' said the Archon.

'Easily provided. One of you -' I pointed to a counsellor, a man in the prime of life who kept himself in good condition – 'you, sir. If you please, pick up that shield and set it in its place.'

Mystified, the man hoisted the shield without too much effort and carried it to the sculpture. With great care he tried to set it in its slot, but the figure's hand was set too low. Now truly puzzled, he stepped back. 'It doesn't fit!'

'That,' I said, 'is because you, like the rest of Athens, like the models themselves, assumed that Isaeus was to be Achilles.' I turned and pointed theatrically to the beautiful young man. 'You just couldn't wait, could you, Isaeus? You and Melanthus had to come back down here and see how this superb sculpture would look in its full glory, with the shields and helmets in place, with you in the dominant role of Achilles, your superiority immortalised in marble and bronze, surpassing the second-best-looking man in Athens for eternity! I would give much to have seen the look on your face when you discovered that you were to be not Achilles, but Patroclus!'

The godlike face was stricken. 'But I should have been Achilles! I surpassed Melanthus in everything!'

Agesander came forward, scandalised. 'Isaeus, your golden hair and swiftness of foot and your touch upon the lyre raised you above your friend in this generation, but what would that mean sculpted in imperishable marble a hundred Olympiads from now? Anyone could see that Melanthus had the stance and physical address of a perfect warrior! Of course he deserved to be Achilles, and you to be his companion, Patroclus.'

'But you didn't tell your models that, did you?' I said. 'Too bad. Isaeus might have gone off in a huff but Melanthus would be alive and Athens wouldn't be out two contenders for the next Isthmian Games.'

Guards led the shattered Isaeus off to the local lock-up, followed by a troop of loyal mourners who worshipped him still. Poor Amyntas wept with a combination of relief and grief, and Rhoecus came up and took my hand solemnly. As I said before, it is never a bad thing to have the rich ones on your side.

These things happened at Athens in the year 703 of the City of Rome, the consulship of Servius Sulpicius Rufus and Marcus Claudius Marcellus.

Content

John Maddox Roberts
An Academic Question