Т.Ю.Кущ, М.С.ВоловникАнглийский язык для судовых электромехаников. ENGLISH FOR MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS. 1986

Г. Ю. КУЩ, м. с. воловни к

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СУДОВЫХ ЭЛ гКТРСМЕХАН ИКОВ

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МОСКВА

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО МОРСКОГО ФЛОТА СССР

ОДЕССКОЕ ВЫСШЕЕ ИНЖЕНЕРНОЕ МОРСКОЕ УЧИЛИЩЕ ИМЕНИ ЛЕНИНСКОГО КОМСОМОЛА

Т. Ю. КУЩ, м. с. воловник

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СУДОВЫХ ЭЛ ЕКТР ОМ EXА Н И КО В

^ ENGLISH FOR MARINE Щ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

Учебное пособие

Под редакцией О. С. Богомолова

МОСКВА

В/О «МОРТЕХИНФОРМРЕКЛАМА» 1986 \

Кущ Т. Ю., Воловник М. С. Английский язык для судог вых электромехаников: Учебное пособпе/Под ред. О. С. Богомолова. — М.: В/О «Мортехннформреклама», 1986. — 132 с.

Учебное пособие предназначено для курсантов IV и V курсов электромеханического факультета дневного и заочного обучения, может быть частично использовано курсантами су-домеханического факультета и факультета автоматики и спе-циалнстами-инженерами, самостоятельно изучающими английский язык.

Цель пособия — формирование навыков активного использования языкового материала во всех видах речевой деятельности.

Тексты подобраны в соответствии с темами, определенными программой по английскому языку для специальности 1613, утвержденной в 1984 г. Тематика разделов пособия согласована с профилирующими кафедрами электромеханического факультета. Приведены оригинальные тексты, в том числе для внеаудиторного чтения, что позволяет получить большую информацию по изучаемым темам и закрепить приобретенные навыки в процессе самостоятельной работы с литературой по специальности.

Рецензент: Г. М. Перцовая, канд. филол. наук доцент кафедры английского языка Ленинградского высшего инженерного морского училища имени адмирала С. О. Макарова.

© В/О «Мортехннформреклама», 1986.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебное пособие разработано на основе программы по дисциплине «Английский язык» для высших инженерных морских училищ Министерства морского флота (специальность 1613 «Эксплуатация судового электрооборудования»)- В нем использованы технические описания и инструкции по эксплуатации судового электрооборудования и приборов, а также оригинальные тексты из литературы по специальности и журналов “Marine Engineering Review”, “Marine Engineers Review”, “Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering” и т. д.

Пособие предназначено для работы с курсантами старших курсов и рассчитано на 72 ч аудиторно-лабораторных занятий.

Пособие содержит методические рекомендации для преподавателей по организации учебного процесса и для курсантов по изучению языка специальности.

Системой упражнений предусмотрено формирование речевой деятельности на конкретном учебном материале.

При изучении каждого параграфа у курсанта накапливается активный словарный запас для речевой деятельности, а также вырабатывается навык работы с информационными текстами по электромеханической специальности с учетом их особенностей (грамматические конструкции, термины, сокращения и т. д.); основной текст каждого параграфа дополнен несколькими текстами из оригинальной литературы, которые рекомендуются для беспереводного понимания, беседы, для работы со словарем и для внеаудиторного чтения.

К каждому основному тексту разработана система упражнений. Цель их выполнения: беспереводное понимание, работа со словарем, преодоление грамматических, лексических и стилистических трудностей. Упражнения строятся на лексике изучаемого и предыдущего текстов и имеют в пределах каждого параграфа сквозную нумерацию.

В конце даны контрольные задания.

ТЕМАТИКА УЧЕБНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА

VII семестр

1. Электроприводы и пускорегулирующая аппаратура, измерительные приборы на судне: устройство, техническая эксплуатация, обслуживание и ремонт-

2. Фирменные инструкции по эксплуатации указанного судового электрооборудования.

3. Обязанности электрика, электромеханика.

4. Заявки, деловые письма, радиограммы.

1. Судовая электроавтома , i ры управления и внутрисудо-вая связь, их техническое обслуживание и ремонт.

2. Ремонтные ведомости и деловая корреспонденция на изученную тематику.

3. Судовые автоматизированные электроприводы и автоматизированные гребные электрические установки: техническая эксплуатация, обслуживание, ремонт.

IX семестр

1. Автоматизированные системы управления производством: техническая эксплуатация, обслуживание, ремонт.

2- Технология судоремонта и оборудования, входящего в заведование электромеханика согласно уставу.

3. Рекламационные акты.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ЗАЧЕТА

1. Развитие заданной ситуаций в форме диалога по пройденным темам специальности (беседа с шипчандлером, сюрвейером и т. д.).

2. Передача содержания прочитанной со словарем статьи общественно-политического или общетехнического содержания, беседа по тексту с 5—6% незнакомых слов (1000—1200 печатных знаков за 15 мин).

3. Чтение и перевод без словаря фирменной инструкции на пройденную тематику.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ИТОГОВОГО ЭКЗАМЕНА

1. Беседа с экзаменатором по изученной специальности и общебытовой тематике.

2. Беседа по содержанию общественно-политической статьи, прочитанной со словарем (1300—1500 печатных знаков за 15 мин).

3. Проверка понимания при чтении без словаря фирменных инструкций по эксплуатации судового оборудования (800—1000 печатных знаков за 10 мин).

4. Перевод со словарем с русского языка на английский или составление по заданной ситуации делового письма (400 печатных знаков за 45 мин).

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ КУРСАНТАМ ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЯЗЫКА СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ

Прочтите внимательно перечень заданий, которые вы должны выполнить к концу обучения.

Перед курсантами четвертого и пятого курсов стоят следующие задачи:

развить навыки формирования высказываний на специальные и общественно-политические темы;

увеличить запас активного словаря за счет изучения лексики подъязыка специальности судового электромеханика;

уметь читать без словаря фирменные инструкции (с извлечением полной информации), читать со словарем и без словаря общественно-политическую и специальную литературу (с извлечением основной информации) ;

формировать навыки аннотирования и реферирования специальной литературы;

развивать навыки и умения письменной речи, составления и перевода со словарем деловых писем, радиограмм и заявок в соответствии с тематикой курса;

совершенствовать навыки восприятия на слух (аудирования).

Требования к навыкам речевой деятельности

Диалогическая речь: вести ситуационную беседу на изученные темы (IV курс — 13—15 предложений за 3 мин; V курс — 15 предложений за 3 мин).

Монологическая речь: сделать сообщение и высказать свое мнение по поводу прочитанной статьи, прочитанного или прослушанного текста профессиональной направленности или поставленной деловой проблемы (IV курс — 13—15 предложений за 3 мин; V курс ■— 15 предложений за 3 мин).

Аудирование: понимать фонозаписи учебных диалогов и специальных текстов на указанную тематику (незнакомый текст, темп естественный 240—250 слогов в 1 мин, однократное предъявление, длительность звучания 2—2,5 мин).

Чтение: читать с полным пониманием (без словаря) инструкции по эксплуатации изученного оборудования, радиограмм (IV курс — 300—400 печатных знаков за 1 мин; V курс — 400—450 печатных знаков за 1 мин); специальную и общественно-политическую литературу без словаря — не более 3—4% незнакомой лексики (500—550 печатных знаков за 1 мин); со словарем — не более 5—6% незнакомой лексики (IV курс — 400—450 печатных знаков за 1 мин, V курс — 600— 650 печатных знаков за 1 мин при ознакомительном чтении и 1000— 1200 печатных знаков за 1 мин при просмотровом чтении для V курса).

Письмо: писать слова и словосочетания активного словаря, выполнять письменные упражнения, письменно со словарем переводить с русского на английский или составлять деловые письма, радиограммы и заявки (600—700 печатных знаков за 45 мин).

Курсантам необходимо регулярно и тщательно выполнять все упражнения пособия.

Каждое занятие начинается с коммуникативной разминки под руководством преподавателя, во время которой повторяется предыдущий материал. Примите в ней максимальное участие, будьте также активны во время введения преподавателем новой темы.

Дальнейшие занятия по каждой теме строятся следующим образом:

1. Вначале выполняются упражнения 1—3, предназначенные для развития навыков ознакомительного чтения (по роду своей деятельности судовым электромеханикам такое чтение необходимо).

В первую очередь в поле зрения читающего попадают названия и цифры. Эта особенность учтена при составлении упражнений для первого знакомства с текстом. Формулировка задания помогает в общих чертах понять текст и направляет ваши усилия на поиск конкретной информации. Время выполнения этих упражнений в каждом параграфе одинаково, но количество и сложность материала постепенно увеличивается.

Будьте очень внимательны при чтении формулировок заданий. Выполняйте только требуемые действия в строго установленном порядке. Тогда выполнение каждого задания разовьет у вас те навыки, на которое оно рассчитано.

2. Упражнение 4 каждого параграфа является поурочным словарем, включающим новые и трудные слова и сочетания. Его цель — подготовить вас к детальному изучению текста. Слова приводятся в порядке

их появления в тексте. Русские эквиваленты максимально приближаются к текстуальному значению.

3. Выполнив упражнения ]—3, что требовало от вас беглого прочтения текста не менее трех раз, и, познакомившись со словарем к тексту, вы можете перейти к детальному изучению текста (упражнение 5).

4. Упражнения 6 и 7 служат для закрепления знания слов по теме и способствуют развитию навыков чтения. Так как при быстром чтении просматривается текст по горизонтали и вертикали, выбрана специальная форма размещения материала этих упражнений. Назначение этих упражнений •— выработка умения быстрого узнавания слов при чтении. Упражнения 6 и 7 имеют ключи, и вы сразу можете себя проверить..

5. Упражнения 8 и 9 подчинены той же цели, что и упражнения 6 и 7, но узнавание осуществляется на уровне словосочетаний и предложений. Эти упражнения тоже имеют ключи.

6- Упражнение 10 выполняется дома. Обычно оно включает в себя повторение грамматического материала в пределах его употребления в научной и технической литературе. Прочитав грамматический материал, вы должны обратиться к основному тексту и найти в нем повторяемое грамматическое явление. Цель этого упражнения та же, что и в упражнениях 6—9, но узнавание осуществляется не на уровне слов, словосочетаний и предложений, а на уровне текста.

7. В упражнениях 11 —14 ставится цель научить умению дифференцировать слова, словосочетания, предложения и тексты в отличие от простого узнавания. Упражнения 11 —13 также имеют ключи. Упражнение 14 содержит усложненное задание. Следует перечитать текст, предварительно получив задание, найти в нем определенные грамматические явления. Для обучения поиску необходимых грамматических явлений и одновременному пониманию содержания прочитанного предлагается пересказать полученную информацию на русском языке.

8. Упражнение 15 всегда выполняется дома. В первом разделе первого параграфа дается подробная схема его выполнения. В дальнейшем все упражнения 15 следует выполнять по этой схеме. Цель этого упражнения — развить навыки изучающего (детального) чтения. Выполняя его, вы научитесь разбивать текст на логические части, передавать в письменном виде общее и детальное содержание его частей и всего текста в целом. Время на выполнение домашнего задания выделяется из расчета 0,7 ч самостоятельной работы на 1 ч аудиторной работы.

9. Целью упражнений, в которых предполагается работать в парах, является активизация полученных знаний, дальнейшее развитие навыков устной речи и умение беседовать по изучаемой тематике.

10. Залогом успешной самостоятельной работы с незнакомым текстом является работа со словарем. Для дальнейшего развития навыков работы со словарем предусмотрен ряд упражнений в каждом параграфе.

11. После их выполнения предлагаются упражнения для работы в лаборатории. Здесь следует учиться воспринимать английскую речь па слух. Первые упражнения предназначены для различения звуков и омонимов в отдельных предложениях. Для самоконтроля имеются ключи. Далее следуют упражнения на воспроизведение услышанных небольших текстов по ключевым словам или рисункам. Заключает эту серию упражнений парная работа с последующей записью диалога на магнитную ленту.

В следующих далее упражнениях вы выполняете предложенные задания и отвечаете на вопросы по пройденному материалу. В лаборатории можно прослушать основной текст и проверить правильность своего чтения.

Затем следуют упражнения, выполнение котбрых предполагает повышенное внимание с вашей стороны: 1) прослушать незнакомый текст и озаглавить его или назвать его основные проблемы; 2) указать предмет речи; 3) нарисовать блочную схему и т. д. Заканчивается работа в лаборатории прослушиванием коротких диалогов, в которых выделены разговорные штампы. Эти штампы должны использоваться в парной работе в лабораториях или аудиториях при обсуждении изучаемой темы.

12. Дальнейшие упражнения проверяют результаты выполнения домашнего задания и полученных при этом навыков: заполнение пропусков нужными словами, оформление логического начала, продолжения или окончания предложения, нахождение эквивалентов указанных словосочетаний на другом языке, ответы на вопросы, составление пред: ложений из отдельных слов, перевод со слуха отдельных предложений текста (когда речь идет просто о тексте, то имеется в виду текст, подлежащий детальному изучению).

13. Цель упражнений с заданием прочитать интернациональные слова в тексте — развить навыки их быстрого узнавания, что значительно увеличивает ваш потенциальный словарь.

14. Изучение иностранного языка требует регулярной работы, поэтому каждое домашнее задание включает в себя упражнения, направленные на дальнейшее развитие навыков различных видов чтения, полученных во время аудиторной работы, и на расширение и углубление знаний по изучаемой теме. Необходимо строго выполнять условия заданий и стремиться уложиться во время, определенное для выполнения этого вида чтения. Если вы не укладываетесь в это время, то это означает, что у вас недостаточная предыдущая подготовка, еще не отработаны навыки такого чтения или слаба концентрация внимания и воли. Вы должны разобраться в причинах неудачи и постепенно устранить их путем самоконтроля и с помощью преподавателя. Желательно, чтобы вы регулярно отмечали у себя в тетрадях результаты своей работы, затраченное время и количество неправильных ответов и стремились к их устранению. Через определенный период вы будете укладываться в указанное время и даже сможете его сократить.

В пособии выделены упражнения для самоконтроля навыков чтения. Такое упражнение (44) дано в § 2 разд. 2. Его выполнение и оценка работы подробно описаны в самом пособии.

15. Каждый раздел заканчивается тестовыми заданиями. Для их успешного выполнения следует просмотреть задания этого раздела, обращая особое внимание на упражнения, которые в свое время вызывали у вас затруднения. Результаты их выполнения тоже запишите в свои тетради.

16. Помните, что четкое выполнение всех заданий в аудитории и лаборатории сократит время, необходимое для выполнения домашнего задания, а правильно выполненное домашнее задание обеспечит активизацию полученных навыков под руководством преподавателя во время аудиторных и лабораторных занятий. Регулярная работа, самодисциплина и самоконтроль служат залогом успешного выполнения практических задач, поставленных перед курсантами ВИМУ.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЯМ ПО ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ УЧЕБНОГО ПРОЦЕССА

Материал пособия охватывает три семестра и рассчитан на 72 ч аудиторно-лабораторных занятий без учета 12 ч, отведенных на работу с общественно-политической лексикой и 54 ч самостоятельной работы курсантов (40 мин подготовки к одному часу занятий).

Основной материал пособия начинается с указания семестра и количества часов аудиторно-лабораторных и самостоятельных занятий, выделенных программой на изучение языка специальности в семестре. Далее следует номер раздела и его название, номер и название параграфа. В скобках указывается количество часов аудиторно-лабораторных и самостоятельных занятий, отведенных на изучение темы, например: (4+1+4).

Каждое занятие преподаватель начинает с повторения материала предшествующего занятия (семестра). Затем следует введение нового материала. Оно включает два момента: знакомство с новой темой по специальности и повторение грамматического материала I-—IV семестров для практического освоения стиля научной и технической литературы с ее особенностями. Для активизации деятельности курсантов преподаватель опирается на их предыдущие знания.

Цифры на полях напротив каждого вида работы и упражнения обозначают ориентировочное время для их выполнения.

За введением нового материала следует основной текст для изучения конкретной темы. Если з заданиях к упражнениям требуется выполнить определенную работу по тексту, но самого текста нет в данном упражнении и нет ссылки на другое упражнение, то имеется в виду основной текст параграфа. Для облегчения работы с текстом абзацы пронумерованы. После текста следуют упражнения. Как правило, первые пятнадцать упражнений каждого параграфа направлены на развитие навыков различных видов чтения в работе над одним и тем же текстом (только упражнение 13 не связано с текстом). Система упражнений выбрана так, что упражнения 1—3 развивают навыки ознакомительного чтения, упражнения 4—14 развивают навыки изучающего чтения. Упражнение 15 завершает эту работу. Требования к выполнению упражнения 15 подробно описано в разд. 1. Все упражнения под номером 15 каждого последующего параграфа выполняются по тому же образцу.

Последовательность первых пятнадцати упражнений разработана по схеме: а) узнавание на уровне слов, словосочетаний, предложений, текстов; б) дифференциация на уровне слов, словосочетаний, предложений, текстов.

Построение упражнений 6 и 7 способствует развитию у читающего горизонтального и вертикального поля зрения.

Упражнения 10 и 15 выделены для домашней работы и входят в эту схему. Кроме того, упражнение 10 представляет собой краткое сведение в одно целое грамматического материала конкретного параграфа, проработанного преподавателем вместе с курсантами во время введения нового материала. Так как грамматика только повторяется, а не изучается на этом этапе, то она подается здесь сжато и подчинена особенностям научной и технической литературы. Если грамматический материал очень прост, то он дается как напоминание пройденного и без примеров. Объяснение более сложного материала дополняется примерами из научной и технической литературы в виде слов, словосочетаний и целых предложений.

После упражнений 1 —15, развивающих навыки различных видов чтения, следует группа языковых и речевых упражнений. Они обычно выполняются на третьем, четвертом и пятом часах занятий. Третий час проводится в лаборатории. Здесь курсанты выполняют упражнения на говорение и аудирование (прослушивание фраз, узнавание словосочетаний или слов, в которых заменены отдельные фонемы или буквы; различение со слуха лексических и грамматических омонимов, воспроизведение по памяти услышанных фраз, небольших текстов и диалогов; прослушивание фраз с активизируемой лексикой с опорой на иллюстрации, выполнение команд, ответы на услышанные вопросы; прослушивание двух текстов и определение различий между ними, обязательное прослушивание основного текста и другие задания).

В работу четвертого часа входят упражнения на проверку работы в лаборатории и выполнения домашнего задания. Они носят в основном речевой характер и продолжают развитие навыков чтения. Эти упражнения проверяют и закрепляют полученные при изучении темы навыки и умения. Сюда входит парная работа, работа со словарем, поиски эквивалентов, работа с небольшими незнакомыми текстами и т. д.

Следует обратить внимание, что упражнение 26 четвертого часа из раздела 1 служит образцом выполнения такого упражнения в каждом последующем параграфе. В этом упражнении требуется дать русские эквиваленты английских предложений из основного текста, но без зрительной опоры на текст при переводе.

Упражнения с требованием написать предложения из данных слов, отделенных друг от друга запятыми, способствуют развитию навыков правильного составления предложений по известной тематике и готовят курсантов к высказыванию по теме. Служебные слова здесь не даются. Глаголы стоят в неопределенной форме, существительные — в единственном числе, а прилагательные и наречия — в положительной степени.

Каждый' параграф имеет упражнение на поиски интернациональных слов в тексте. Такая работа важна, так как она развивает языковую догадку. Эти слова надо быстро найти, произнести и понять.

В некоторых упражнениях на проверку знания текста указываются первые буквы слов, которые необходимо! вставить, или номер абзаца, в котором находится требуемое слово. Это делается для ускорения выполнения упражнения.

Упражнения, в которых материал дается по двум колонкам, выполняются следуют,им образом: каждому слову или словосочетанию левой колонки подыскивается соответствующий эквивалент из правой колонки. Для быстрого выполнения и для самоконтроля курсантам надо предложить записать результаты работы цифрами и буквами, например 2 к, т. е. слову из левой колонки, стоящему под цифрой «2», соответствует слово из правой колонки под буквой «к».

В упражнениях с диалогами выделены разговорные штампы. Следует обратить внимание курсантов, что штампы в дальнейшем должны использоваться в устной речи.

В некоторых параграфах есть упражнения для самоконтроля. Преподаватель может предложить курсантам завести тонкие тетради для выполнения таких упражнений. Регулярные записи результатов одного и того же вида работы способствуют развитию у курсантов самооценки и заставляют их делать соответствующие выводы.

Такое упражнение начинается с текста примерно в 120—130 слов. Этот текст необходимо быстро прочитать и одновременно понять. Время, затраченное на чтение текста, курсант отмечает у себя в тетради. После этого он переходит к выполнению заданий на проверку понимания текста. Считается, что текст понят, если прочитавший его может заполнить каждое пятое слово в нем. Поэтому первым заданием является заполнение каждого пятого слова. Для экономии места и времени преподаватель предлагает курсантам наложить на этот текст прозрачную пленку с затушеванными на ней участками, где находятся слова, которые надо подставить. Пленку надо подготовить заранее. Нужные слова курсант записывает рядом с затушеванными местами. Чуть сдвинув пленку, можно сразу проверить себя и отметить в тетради время и

результаты. Обычно нужно заполнить 22 пропуска. Число баллов по количеству правильно заполненных пропусков указывается в упражнении.

Следующие три задания предлагают выбрать один вариант из трех для заполнения пропусков и выполняются заполнением карточек в тетради. С помощью контрольной карточки (см. образец) преподаватёль или курсант оценивает работу. Затраченное общее время и общее количество баллов с выведением оценки курсант записывает в тетрадь. Приводится образец карточки и пример ее заполнения.

1

2

3

а)

X

в)

X

с)

X

В каждом разделе помещен тест. Первое задание в нем выполняется устно. Со второго по десятое задания заполняются с помощью карточки. Одиннадцатое задание выполняется письменно. Чтобы преподаватель правильно оценил первое задание, его можно записать на магнитофон или отметить количество правильных высказываний у себя на отдельном листке. Со второго по десятое задания проверяются контрольной карточкой-ключом. Система оценки выполнения теста по количеству правильных ответов и затраченному времени указаны в описании для выполнения теста 1. Карточка-ключ находится в конце книги.

Весь материал для работы в классе, лаборатории и дома включен в пособие, что облегчает работу преподавателя и курсанта.

В упражнениях авторы стремились обеспечить повторяемость материала, а также впервые попытались регламентировать выполнение упражнений, исходя из норм, разработанных советскими методистами и психологами на каждый род языковой деятельности. Эти нормы отражены в Типовой программе. Чтение текста объемом 600 печатных знаков — 15 мин работы со словарем; говорение 12—13 фраз — 3 мин; составление делового письма — 500 печатных знаков — 45 мин (со словарем) ; ознакомительное чтение — 180 слов за 1 мин; изучающее чтение — 60 слов за 1 мин.

Время на выполнение однотипных заданий дается одно и то же во всех параграфах, но сами тексты заданий увеличиваются и усложняются от занятия к занятию.

THE SEVENTH TERM

(28)

UNIT]

DUTIES OF ELECTRICIANS (3-[_ 1 +3)

The first class period

15

7

10

Review of the V, Vlth terms topics Instructions for the Vllth term Topical content: Duties of Electricians Grammar item: Gerund

Text

Duties of Electricians

1. Electricians are directly responsible to electrical engineers. Marine electricians are to know the construction, the principle of operation, characteristics and the use of shipboard electrical equipment.

2. They are to know in detail the procedure used in diagnosing a troubleshooting and the steps recommended to trace the fault.

3. They are to list some of the causes, e. g., why the^1 motor may fail to start, detect the trouble and remedy the fault when found.

4. They must know the consequcncies which may result from poor and careless operation. They must be able to operate all sorts of shipboard electrical equipment. Besides, they are to know the operational and constructional features of all units of the shipboard electrical installation.

5. They are to know how to use fire-fighting devices especially in the engine-room.

They are to take part in maintaining and repairing all shipboard electrical equipment.

6. They are to adhere strictly to all the regulations and instructions concerning maintenance of electrical equipment and safety rules.

7. They are to keep watches according to the schedule on board ship with electrical propulsion.

8. The most important items of electrical equipment are subjected to their supervision: a) generating sets; b) electric motors; c) transformers; d) switchboards; e) control and monitoring panels; f) electric couplings and brakes; g) starting protection, control units and switchgear; h) apparatuses and devices of internal communication; i) automatic circuit-breakers and contacts; j) relays and protective apparatuses; k) accumulators; 1) cables; m) other equipment and devices not listed above.

9. While passing through narrows and canals, when leaving or entering a port and when mooring they are to keep watches in the fixed place.

10. They are subordinated to all instructions of the chief engineer and they are to do all sorts of work which might not be in their line. But these they are allowed to do only after having been taught all the regulations including safety rules and not before they have got the certificate.

11. Electricians coming on watch must be in the engine-room at least five minutes before the hour of taking charge. They must, before relieving the electrician on watch, examine electrical equipment and devices. They are to get all the information about the state of the equipment and devices from the relieved electrician. During the watch they are to supervise the operation of the equipment and devices.

12. They are to fulfil the commands of the electrical engineer or an en-ll

gineer on watch to ensure the normal operation of the machine and devices. In case of a trouble they are to report to the electrical engineer, at the same time take measures to locate the cause of the trouble and try to eliminate it.

13. If there is a threat of damage, or life of people is in danger they are to report to the electrical engineer and take necessary and bold measures to eliminate the cause. In case of fire or flood they are to report the alarm and take all emergency measures to prevent the fire or flood from spreading.

14. They are to keep everything in the engine-room clean and in good order.

Exercises

1 7

Read the text and point out in English in written form the most) important items of electrical equipment which are subjected to the supervision of electricians.

2 7

Looking through the text find and read the passage describing the actions the electricians are to:do: a) when taking charge of a watch; b) in a case of a threat of damage.

The second class period

3 7

Read the text paying attention to Gerund.

4 5

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself pay ing attention to their Russian equivalents.

to be responsible to

trouble-shooting to detect to trace consequence fire-fighting devices strict

regulation safety rules item

to be subjected to supervision generating set switchboard

electric propulsion plant emergency battery charging

— подчиняться (кому-либо, чему-либо)

— причина неисправности

— определять

— обнаруживать

— последствие

— противопожарные средства

— строгий

— правило

— правила безопасности

— наименование

— подвергаться (чему-либо)

— наблюдение

— генераторный агрегат

— распределительный щит, коммутационная панель, коммутатор

— электростанция гребной электрической установки

— зарядка аварийной аккумуляторной батареи

navigation lantern

control and monitoring panel

control unit

switchgear

circuit-breaker

protective apparatus

narrow

mooring

fixed place

to take charge

to relieve

to do all sorts of work

not in one’s line

certificate

threat

alarm

— ходовой (навигационный)

огонь

— панель управления

— блок управления

—• автоматический выключатель

— выключатель

— защитная аппаратура

— узкость

— швартовка

— предназначенное место

— принять управление

— сменять (с поста)

— выполнять все виды работ

— не по чьей-либо части

— удостоверение

— угроза

— авария

5 7

Study the text carefully. Use exercise 4.

6 1

Read fluently the words and point out those of the text:

a) supervision,

b) lighting, c) to subordinate, d) brake, e) wire, f) frequency, g) lantern, h) lead, i) emergency, j) star, k) switchgear, 1) to remedy, m) item, n) circuit, o) to assume, p) regulation, q) to relieve, r) ground.

7 5

Read fluently the words, point out those which deal with the topic “Items of Electrical Equipment” and write them out.

a) use

b) set

g) to fail

c) alarm h) emergency

d) to list i) trouble

e) plant j) brake

f) main k) control

1) to explain

m)

n)

o)

P)

q)

r)

s)

t)

transformer switchgear to remedy to detect device step

apparatus

panel

u) construction

v) lantern

w) operation

x) coupling

y) unit

z) careless a') poor

b') monitoring c') circuit-breaker d') watch

8

2

Read the word-combinations and point out those with nouns in plural:

a) apparatus of internal communication; b) control units; c) to stand watches; d) to study economics; e) a powerful means of investigating; f) protective apparatuses; g) a new glass works has been built; h) his new hypothesis; i) there are two brick works; j) record of data; k) party nucleus.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out the numbers of those which deal with the topic “Electricians on Watch”.

1. Marine engineers are to know the construction of electrical equipment. 2. Before relieving former electrician they must get all information about the state of the equipment and devices. 3. They are to supervise the operation of the equipment and devices. 4. They must know consequences which may result from poor and careless operation. 5. They are to keep everything in the engine-room clean and in good order. 6. In case of the trouble they are to report to the electrical engineer, at the same time take measures to find and locate the cause of the trouble and try to eliminate it.

10 35

Home exercise. Read some information on Gerund with the purpose of its correct translation into Russian.

Gerund — неличная форма глагола, оканчивающаяся на -ing, имеет свойства как глагола, гак и существительного. Является глагольной формой, которую молено употреблять после предлога и использовать для обозначения многократного, незаконченного или длительного действия. В русском языке он может соответствовать инфинитиву, отглагольному существительному, деепричастию и глаголу в личной форме.

Герундий страдательного залога соответствует русскому дополнительному предложению и показывает, что подлежащее не совершает действия в данном процессе. Например: I am glad at being asked. Я рад, что со мной советуются.

Perfect Active соответствует русскому дополнительному предложению и показывает, что процесс совершился или совершится до начала другого действия. Например: I did not speak of having eliminated the trouble. Я не говорил, что (уже) устранил аварию.

Perfect Passive показывает, что процесс совершился до начала другого действия и подлежащее не совершает действия в этом процессе. Например: After having discussed the solution was made. После обсуждения решение было принято.

Герундий может выполнять в предложении функции подлежащего, дополнения и быть частью составного сказуемого. Например: 1. Finding a short circuit is sometimes difficult. Найти короткое замыкание иногда трудно. 2. Thank you for relieving me. Спасибо, что сменили меня. 3. Му favourite occupation is drawing diagrams. Мое любимое занятие — черчение схем.

Особенности перевода на русский язык сочетаний герундия с простыми и составными предлогами

Английский язык

1. On, upon, after, before, prior to-f Gerund

E. g. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped.

2. By, by means of-f-Gerund

Русский язык

1. Переводится: а) существительным с предшествующим предлогом; б) глаголом с предшествующим союзом; в) деепричастием. Пример. После того как ток был выключен, давление упало. (После выключения тока давление упало).

2. Переводится: а) существительным с предшествующими предлогами «при помощи», «посредством», «путем»; б) существительным р творительном падеже;

E. g. You may help me by translating this article.

3. a) besides, apart/aside from, except, save+Gerund; b) instead of, in preference to+Gerund; c) together with, in addition to+Gerund.

E. g. Besides being very involved this procedure is very costly.

4. a) on account of, due to, through; owing to+Gerund; b) with a view to, with the aim of, with the purpose for+Gerund.

E. g. This apparatus is used for recording the temperature.

5. Without+Gerund

E. g. Don’t use the apparatus without carefully reading these instructions.

6. In spite of+Gerund

E. g. In spite of having met with failure they continued experimenting.

7. In case of, in the event of, subject to+Gerund

E. g. In the event of being ordered to two ports of loading the motor-ship will not arrive at the port of discharge before August 18th.

в) деепричастием; г) личной формой глагола в придаточном предложении, вводимом союзным сочетанием «тем, что».

Пример. Вы можете помочь мне тем, что переведете эту статью.

3. Переводятся: а) «кроме», «помимо (того)», «за исключением», «исключая», «не считая»; б) «вместо», в) «наряду», «к тому же», «кроме того».

Пример. Помимо того, что эта методика очень сложна, она очень дорогостоящая.

4. Переводятся сочетаниями существительного с предлогами, выражающими: а) причину («из-за», «по причине», «благодаря тому, что», «вследствие»); б) цель («для», «для того, чтобы», «с целью»).

Пример. Этот прибор используется для записи температуры.

5. Переводится: а) сочетанием существительного с предшествующим предлогом «без»; б) личной формой глагола придаточного предложения, вводимого сочетаниями «если», «если не», «без того, чтобы», «при условии, если не»; в) сочетанием деепричастия с отрицанием «не».

Пример. Не используйте прибор без тщательного прочтения данной инструкции.

6. Переводится: а) сочетанием существительного с предшествующим «несмотря на»; б) личной формой глагола придаточного предложения, вводимого сочетанием «несмотря на то, что». Пример. Несмотря на неудачу, они продолжали экспериментировать.

7. Переводится: а) существительным с предшествующими сочетаниями «в случае», «при условии, что»; б) личной формой глагола придаточного предложения, вводимого сочетаниями «в случае, если», «при условии, что». Пример. В случае отправки теплохода в два порта погрузки он не прибудет в порт разгрузки до 18 августа,

8. (to be) against, for, on the point of, far from+Gerund

E. g. They were on the point of lowering the temperature when the explosion occurred.

9. (Noun) of+Gerund

E. g. This system has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive.

8. Переводится личной формой глагола придаточного предложения, вводимого словами «быть против того, чтобы», «быть за то, чтобы», «собираться», «быть далеко не».

Пример. Они как раз собирались понизить температуру, когда произошел взрыв.

9. Переводится: а) существительным в родительном падеже; б) предложно оформленным инфинитивом; в) личной формой глагола придаточного предложения, вводимого союзными словами.

Пример. Эта система имеет тот недостаток, что она относительно дорогая.

Now run over .the text, read the sentences with Gerund and translate them into Russian.

3

11

Read the words. Determine Prepositions and Conjunctions:

a) than; b) as; c) before; d) besides; e) unless; f) although; g) beyond; h) provided; i) substitution; j) until; k) save; 1) except; m) till;

n) without; o) whether; p) inside; q) against; r) point; s) within;

t) through; u) because; v) beneath.

12 1

Read the word-combinations and determine those with prepositions:

a) instead of; b) provided that; c) not until; d) apart from; e) as long as; f) between them; g) owing to; h) as soon as; i) more than; j) by means of; k) with a view to; 1) rather than; m) not so as; n) for the sake of; o) providing that; p) prior to; q) either ... or; r) on the verge of; s) as well; t) in terms of.

13 3

Read the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “duty”.

1. Don’t trouble him. He’s on duty now. 2. Do it when; you’re off duty.

3. You may rely on his doing his duty. 4. I’m sorry, but I’m doing my duty. 5. Duties of electricians are to keep everything in running conditions.

14 8

Read the text and explain the different functions of “-ing” forms. Retell the text in Russian.

15

35

Home exercise. Work at the text in the following way:

a) Point out the logical units of the text (sentence, passage) and try to get at their meaning.

b) Put down its content in Russian without consulting the English text.

c) Compare your translation with the original part not to miss any of

the details. Make all the necessary corrections. Give the finishing touches to your translation. Read your text aloud. Mind your Russian.

16 25

Home exercise. Study “Duties of Electrical Engineers”. Give a written account of the text. Be prepared to dwell on the! duties of electrical' engineers.

Duties of Electrical Engineers

Л. The electrical engineer is subordinated to the chief engineer and is in command of all the electrical group.

r

2. The electrical engineer is responsible for the safety engineering rules, service, maintenance and supervision of the following items of equipment, systems and devices: a) electrical propulsion plant; b) main and emergency sources of electrical power; c) transformers and convertors used in equipment, systems and devices; d) distribution gear and monitoring desks or panels; e) electric drives for steering gear, windlasses, mooring winches, towing winches, starting air compressors, fire pumps and fire-extinguishing system compressors, pumps, fans in machinery spaces, auxiliaries of the main engine, watertight doors; f) main and emergency lighting of spaces and location of essential machinery and means of escape; g) electric engine-room telegraphs; h) service telephone communication; i) alarm signalling; j) fire detection . signalling systems and warning systems indicating the release of rire smothering medium; k) watertight door signalling; 1) cabling; m) hull earthing facilities in tankers; n) electric heaters of fuel and lubricating oil and other machinery and facilities not listed above.

3. The electrical engineer is responsible for the following consumers to be supplied with electric power: a) steering gear electric drives;

b) windlass electric drives; c) fire pump electric drives; d) electric drives of compressors; e) gyrocompass; f) switchboard of cargo refrigi-rating installations; g) electric drives of main propulsion plant excitation units; h) radio station switchboard; i) navigational equipment switchboard; k) section switchboards and distribution gear for supplying other essential services concentrated in accordance with similar functions performed; 1) switchboards of automatic gear of fire detection alarm system; m) electric and electronic equipment; n) design and power supply of automatic system; o) electric and electronic control systems.

4. The electrical engineer is to make out spare parts Lists for a forthcoming voyage and hand them to the chief engineer, along with a List of repairs required.

5. The electrical engineer is to ensure the observance of the safety rules, storage regulations, instructions on operation features, general directions on replacement of faulty components and observance of directions and instructions not mentioned above.

6. The electrical engineer is to control the observance of safetv measures specified in instructions, to ensure safety of maintenance and operation.

7. The electrical engineer is to ensure scope and schedule of preventive maintenance. The plan is to be signed by the chief engineer.

8. The electrical engineer is to distribute the work and count the number of working days and days off of his subordinates. This is to be co-ordinated with the chief engineer as well.

9. The electrical engineer is to. fill up all the technical documents concerning electrical equipment, to make orders for deliveries and repairs.

10. The electrical engineer is to supervise'the adequacy of operating electrical equipment by shore and ship specialists.

11. The electrical engineer is to supervise the operation of cargo-handling facilities.

12. Before the ship leaves the port the electrical engineer is to check the readiness of the electrical equipment for the voyage and to report the readiness to the chief engineer 30 minutes before the departure.

13. The electrical engineer is to direct the operation of the ship power plant personally while leaving or entering a port and while mooring. He is not to leave the engine room but in case of emergency approved by the chief engineer.

14. The electrical engineer is to take care that the log book is accurately and neatly kept. Insulation resistance, charging and discharging cells and batteries, opera Hon of bearings and securing of the motor, applied grease, basic parameters, faults and' their remedies, and other incidents of the voyage are to be entered into the log book daily. The log book is to be signed by the chief engineer.

15. The electrical engineer is to organize study of the ship’s electrical equipment by the members of the crew.

16. The electrical engineer is to eliminate personally or with the help of ship’s specialists all'the faults in the operation of the electrical equipment.

17. In case of possible alarm in the electrical equipment the electrical engineer is to report it to the chief engineer and take bold ineasmes to eliminate its cause.

Hometask: Ex. 10, 15, 16.

The third class period

17 3

Listen to the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “line”.

1. He was successful all along the line. 2. Unfortunately, his line of conduct is the line of least resistance. 3. His propositions were on the line. 4. It is difficult to draw a line between these two factors. 5. See whether the wheels are in line. 6. Drop me a line as soon as you possibly can.

18 6

Listen carefully to the tape-recorded text two times and render it in English using the words and word-combinations from the list: short circuit, to burn out, to locate, shorted point, leads of a test lamp, to move away, lamp will flicker, to remove the coils, to insert a strip of.

Short Circuit between Running and Starting Windings

A short circuit between these two windings will permit a current to flow through a part of the starting winding continuously while the motor is in operation, and in time will burn out the starting winding. To locate the shorted point, the windings are disconnected from the terminals and one of the leads of a test lamp (connected to the line) is connected to the running winding, and the other lead is connected to the starting winding. The lamp, will light, since current flows from the running winding through the shorted point to the starting winding. The starting winding is then moved away at various places in the stator. If the shorted point is moved, the lamp will flicker or go out. If the snorted point cannot be determined in this manner, it will be necessary to remove the coils of the starting winding one -at a time until it is located.

The short circuit can usually be repaired by inserting a strip of varnished cambric in the slot between the two windings.

19 3

Work in pairs. Dwell upon the subject of the above text.

20 4__

Fulfil or explain the following:

1. List some of the duties of marine electricians.

2. Name some items of electrical equipment which are subjected to the supervision of electricians.

3. Prevent the fire from spreading.

21 4

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What must electricians know about electrical equipment?

2. Who arc they subordinated to?

3. When do they keep watches?

22 4

After listening to the texts choose a suitable title for each of them and give reasons for your choice. Say in what way these three texts differ and what they have in common.

A

On small motors only two wires are brought out of the motor for connection to the line. The field and armature connections are made internally. If the two wires are connected to the test leads, -the lamp should light and indicate a complete circuit. If the lamp does not light, the trouble may be caused by brushes not making contact with the commutator, a broken wire in the field, a broken connection between fields, a wire disconnected or broken on the brush holder. The same test may be used on large motors with external leads to field and armature.

В

There are two circuits, one through the shunt field and one through the armature. On small motors the connections are made internally and only two wires are brought out. Therefore, to test such a motor, it must be disassembled in order to reach the field and armature wires.

If the wires are accessible, test each circuit separately. The lamp should light brightlv when the armature circuit is tested. The field should produce a dim light. If it is not known which of the four wires' are the shunt field and which the armature, they can be determined by this test. If the armature circuit shows an open, the trouble may be the brushes, the connections to the brushes, or the armature windings; if the field tests open, then the trouble is either the field coil or its connections.

C

For testing purpose the motor is considered as having three circuits. Six leads are brought out of a motor.

If the armature leads are tested with the test lamp, the lamp should light, indicating a complete circuit. If the open is in the armature circuit, the trouble is in the brushes or connections to the brushes or the

interpole. If the trouble is in the field, test for a complete circuit from one coil to another.

23 15

Practice pronunciation. Open your books and repeat in pauses 9 paragraphs of the recorded text “Duties of Electricians” after the speaker. Then close your books and do the same with paragraphs 10—14.

24 6

Listen to the tape-recorded dialogue and be prepared to dwell upon its subject.

Long Distance Cables

Bob: The old man I shan’t be able to. . .

Norah: What old man?

В.: I mean H. B., that’s to say Henry Burton, the managing director of the works.. .

N.: Oh, I see! And what does he say?

B.: He says I shan’t be able to go away for the holidays unless I trace the fault!

N.: Are you serious?

B.: Of course, I am! The cable, I mean to say the long distance cable, has broken down and I’ll have to stay here until. . .

N.: Oh, Bob! That’s really dreadful: But will you be able to find out what’s wrong?

B.: Of course I will!

N.: But you won’t be allowed to leave London until you’ve put everything right!

B.: But I tell you I will, and when I do I shall get a huge reward...

N.: But what’s happened?

B.: Er... well, you see, a cable consists of a core dielectric and a metal sheath. Now, the life of a cable varies according to the material from which it has been made, and the current it carries. This time it was a high-tension current, but to come back to the subject when a cable has been used for some time, voids are formed in the dielectric, and are filled with gases. Gradually the voids get larger and larger until the day when they touch the core and the sheath. Then the current begins to flow...

N.: So that’s what happened?!

В.: I haven’t said that! I’m pretty sure no voids have been formed this time because the cables been used for a couple of months only.

N.: Dash it! So what’s happened?!

B.: I’m certain someone must’ve cut the cable deliberately. . .

N.: Oh, darling! You’re a genius! You’re Sherlock Holmes the Second!

I wonder whether you’ll be able to find out who’s done it!

B.: Of course, I will! I’ve already done so. I know the fellow pretty well and so do you!

N. (more than surprised): Who’s he?

B. (with modesty): It’s me... I cut the cable myself!

The fourth class period

25 7

Work in pairs. Dwell upon the subject of the dialogue above. Expand the ideas expressed in the dialogue.

a) In the following sentences insert the proper form from the list:

a) postponing; b) co-ordinating; c) being sent; d) mooring; e) passing; f) flowing; g) being subjected; h) leaving; i) being heated; j) entering.

1. While... through narrows and canals, when... or... a port and when... they are to keep watches in the fixed place. 2. On .. . these salts decompose. 3. Before. .. to the warehouse, the cases were counted and marked. 4. The goods were taken to the warehouse instead of. . . to the factory. 5. A committee has been established for the purpose of. . . the nomenclature. 6. Without. . . to special treatment rubber cannot be extensively used. 7. They were against. . . the discussion of this problem.

8. A trouble seems to prevent the current from. . . directly to the machine.

b) Give the Russian equivalents for the above sentences.

27 3

Reword these sentences.

Model: It is often better to drive slowly. — Driving slowly is often better.

1. To design such a mechanism required much training. 2. One method of obtaining such fields is to use a number of circular coils on a common axis. 3. It is of great importance to develop new electronic devices.

4. It would seldom be desirable to open a circuit on account^1! of a small momentary overload. 5. It was not so difficult to understand the electronic control equipment.

28 5

Give Russian equivalents for the following sentences. Pay careful attention to the Gerund.

1. The mistake can only be found by going through all the steps of the procedure. 2. On placing an unmagnetized iron bar near a strong magnet, we magnetize it. 3. He succeeded in solving the problem. 4. An electric current is capable of decomposing water. 5. The simple wire loop connected to a two-section commutator is hardly suitable for running as a motor. 6. Copper has the useful property of being a good conductor of electricity. 7. He stopped working an hour ago. 8. I know of your having achieved good results.

29

Listen to paragraphs 1 them orally in pauses.

—4, read sentence by sentence and translate 30 3

Respond to the questions. Compare the results with the text.

1. How should you behave in the engine-room?

2. What are the reasons for coming on watch before the hour of taking charge?

3. What must one do in case of fire or flood?

4. What items of electrical equipment are subjected to the supervision of electricians?

31 5

Fill in the blanks with suitable words. Check your results in the text.

1. Electricians are to take part in . . . and ... of all shipboard electrical equipment. 2. They are to adhere ... to all regulations and instructions . .. maintenance of electrical equipment and safety rules. 3. During the watch they are to... the operation of the equipment and ...

32 3

Make up sentences. Compare your results with the text.

1. they, be, subordinate, all instructions, chief engineer, do, sort, work, might not be, line. 2. allow, do, only, teach, regulation, include, safety rule, get, certificate. 3. threat, damage, life, people, be, danger, report, electrical engineer, take, necessary, bold, measure, eliminate.

33 4

Complete the following sentences according to the text. Compare your results with the text.

1- Electricians must know the consequences which may result from. ..

2. They are to stand watches according. .. 3. While passing through narrows and canals, when leaving or entering a port and when mooring they are to. .. 4. They are to fulfil the instructions of the electrical engineer or an engineer on watch to. . .

34 3

Analyze the sentence as to its logical division.

a) Name the main and subordinate clauses.

b) Name the subject and predicate of each clause.

c) Name the conjunctions connecting the clauses.

d) Give the Russian equivalent to “to fail-j-Infinitive”.

e) Determine the function of the verb “may”.

f) Divide the sentence into logical units and read it properly.

They are to list some of the causes, e. g., why the motor may fail to start, detect the trouble and explain how they should remedy this fault when it has been found.

40

35

Home exercise. Study the text:

a) Pick out all the new words and look them up in the dictionary.

b) Read it fluently.

c) Find the English equivalents for the following word-combinations in the text: готовые для хранения, проверить плотность привернутых пробок, состояние (исправность) вентильной резины, смазать вазелином, лаковое покрытие, резкие перепады температур, плотно закрыть пробками, покрыть лаком, периодически бездействующие, дальняя транспортировка, хранить в разряженном состоянии, атмосферные осадки.

d) Learn the new words and word-combinations.

e) Make up as many questions as you can.

f) Be prepared to retell the text.

Storing Cells and Batteries

1. The cells are delivered by the manufacturer in a ready-to-store state. Upon receiving new cells check tightness of the plugs and condition of the vent plug rubber rings.

Apply a thin iayer of petroleum jelly to nickel-plated plugs and nuts of the cells. Jars of the cells protected with black bituminous ebonite varnish must not be lubricated to avoid damaging the varnish coating.

2. Store the cells and batteries in closed, dry, ventilated locations, either heated or non-heated, but ensure against sharp fluctuations of: temperature that leads to rusting of metal parts of the cells and batteries.

3. To prepare for storage exceeding 1 year the cells which have been in use, discharge them to I. О V across each cell with the normal current, drain the electrolyte, tightly screw in the plugs and wipe the surface of dust and salts with a clean dry waste! cloth. If the jars are-not protected with a varnish, coat them with any black insulation varnish.

4. The cells used from time to time may be stored filled with electrolyte in a discharged or partly discharged condition. In this case the plugs should be tightly screwed in to prevent absorption of carbon dioxide from the air.

5. Keep the cells and batteries clean and periodically wipe salts off their surfaces.

6. The cells intended for a long shipment should be prepared in the same way as for a long storage. When required, the cells and batteries may be shipped filled with the electrolyte.

7. Never store alkaline and acid cells and batteries in one room. All acids are harmful to alkaline batteries, so by no means keep any acid in' one location with the alkaline cells and batteries.

8. Nickel-cadmium cells and batteries can be stored in a discharged state without the electrolyte for 5 years, provided they are protected from atmospheric precipitation and direct sun rays.

Hometask: Ex..35. Be prepared to write a test.

Key

6 — acdgikpq; 7 — befhjkmnqstvxyb'c'; 8 •— abcfij; 9—2, 3, 5, 6;

11 -— conj.; abefhjmou; prep.: cdgklnpqstv; 12 — adgjknprt;

13—1. He беспокойте его. Он сейчас на вахте. 2. Делайте это, когда вы не на вахте. 3. Вы можете на него положиться: этот человек выполнит свой долг. 4. Сожалею, но я выполняю свои обязанности. 5. Обязанностью электриков является поддержание всего (оборудования) в рабочем состоянии. 17—1.

Ему во всем везло. 2. К сожалению, его линия поведения — это линия наименьшего сопротивления. 3. Его предложения имели успех. 4. Трудно разграничить эти два фактора.

5. Посмотри, ровно ли идут колеса. 6. Черкните мне несколько строк, как только сможете. 22 — Common: test for opens (open circuit); Difference: А-series motor, B-shunt motor, C-compound motor; 26-Iehjd; 2i, 3c, 4c, 5b, 6g, 7a, 8f.

Test I 1

What most important pieces of advice should be given to a marine electrician? List 8 of them.

2

Choose the proper translation.

They must know consequences which may result from poor and careless operation.

а) Они должны знать, какие результаты могут произойти от плохой и небрежной работы.

в) Небрежная работа приводит к плохим последствиям,

с) Они должны знать последствия,, к которым может привести плохая и небрежная работа.

Choose the proper translation.

Они обязаны принимать участие в техническом обслуживании и ремонте всего электрооборудования на судне.

a) They are to take part in maintenance and repair of all shipboard electrical equipment.

b) They shall take part in erection and maintenance of all shipboard equipment.

c) They must take an active part in maintenance and overhauling of all shipboard electrical equipment.

4

Choose the suitable form.

They are to describe in detail the procedure used. . . a trouble and (the steps recommended to correct the fault.

a) to have diagnosed; b) in having diagnosed; c) in diagnosing.

5

Choose the suitable form.

The mechanical rectifiers all have the disadvantage ... moving parts,

a) having; b) of having; c) to have.

6

Choose the suitable form.

He stopped. . . an hour ago.

a) working; b) to work; c) having worked.

7

Complete the sentence in such a way that it n^akes sense.

They are subordinated to all instructions of the chief engineer and to do all sorts of work which might. ...

a) get them the certificate; b) not to be in their line; c) relieve them.

8

Complete the sentence in such a way that it makes sense.

If life of people is in danger they are. . . .

a) to keep everything in good order; b) to report to the electrical engineer; c) to report to the electrical engineer and take necessary and bold measures to eliminate the cause.

9

Choose the proper translation.

It is no good arguing this issue.

at Об этом вопросе бесполезно спорить, б) Не стоит спорить по этому вопросу, в) Нехорошо спорить по этому вопросу.

10

Choose the proper translation.

Ей удалось решить эту задачу.

a) She succeeded to solve the problem, b) She succeeded in solving the problem, c) She failed in solving the problem.

11

Make a 5-sentence entry in the log-book before having been relieved. Sum up your results. Time... Score... Mark...

Note. 10 points for 10—8 sentences of the first task+9 points of tasks

2—10+Ю points for 5 correctly written sentences per 24 minutes get you an excellent mark.

10+7+8 per 26 minutes — good; 9+6+7 per 27 minutes — satisfactory.

UNIT 2

SHIPBOARD ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND BASIC ELEMENTS OF AUTOMATION

SECTION I (2+1+2)

Basic Electrical Measuring Instruments

The first class period

Review of “Duties of Electricians”. 10

Topical content: Basic electrical measuring instruments. 10

Grammar item: Participle.

Text

Basic Electrical Measuring Instruments

1. In the field of electricity, as well as in all other physical sciences, accurate quantitative measurements are essential. This involves two important items — numbers and units. Simple arithmetic is used in most cases, and the units are well defined and easily understood. The standard units are those of current, voltage and resistance.

2. The operator commonly works with ammeters, voltmeters and electron-tube analyzers; but he may also have many occasions to use wattmeters, watt-hour meters, power-factor meters, synchroscopes, frequency meters and capacitance-resistance-inductance bridges.

3. Electrical equipment is designed to operate at certain efficiency levels. A good understanding of the functional design and operation of electrical instruments is important. In electrical service work one or more of the following methods are commonly used to determine if the circuits of an equipment are operating properly.

a) Use an ammeter to measure the amount of current flowing in a circuit.

b) Use a voltmeter to determine the voltage existing between two points.

c) Use an ohmmeter or megger to measure circuit continuity and total or partial circuit resistance.

4. It may alsd be necessary to employ a wattmeter to determine the total power being consumed by certain equipment. If we wish to measure the energy consumed by certain equipment or certain circuits, a watt-hour or kilowatt-hour meter is used.

5. For measuring other quantities such as power factor and frequency it is necessary to employ the appropriate instruments. In each case the instrument indicates the value of the quantity measured, and in this information helps to understand the way the circuit is operating.

6. Occasionally the operator will need to determine the value of a capacitor or an inductor. Inductance or capacitance bridges may be employed for this purpose.

7. A thorough understanding of the construction, operation and limitations of the basic types of electrical measuring instruments, coupled with

the theory of circuit operation is most essential in servicing and maintar ining electrical equipment.

Exercises

1 3

Read the text and write 10 names of measuring instruments.

2 3

Looking through the text find and read the passages containing the information:

а) о необходимости количественного измерения в точных науках;

б) о методах, которыми обычно пользуются, чтобы убедиться в правильной работе электрических схем;

в) о случаях применения вольтметра;

г) о необходимости полного понимания устройства, принципа действия и предельно допустимых нагрузок измерительных электроприборов.

3 3 Read the text paying careful attention to the Participles.

4 2

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself paying attention to their Russian equivalents.

numbers and units electron-tube analyzer

watt-hour meter

power-factor meter

frequency meter

capacitance-resistance-inductance

bridge

efficiency level to consume capacitor to couple

— пределы и единицы измерения

— электронная трубка, осциллограф

— счетчик ватт-часов (электроэнергии)

— измеритель коэффициента мощности (фазомер)

— частотомер

— мост для измерения ёмкости, сопротивления, индуктивности

— величина кпд

— потреблять

— конденсатор

— соединять

5 5

Study the text carefully. Use exercise 4.

6 1

Read the words and point out those of the text:

a) to consume;

b) to detect; c) regulation;

d) supervision; e) capacitor; f) brake;

g) coupling; h) to couple; i) emergency; j) to relieve;

k) certificate; 1) alarm; m) to prevent; n) capacitance; o) counter.

7 5

Read the words, point out those which deal with the topic “Purpose of Electrical Measuring Instruments” and write them out:

a) field

u)

partial

m) case

V)

total

g) occasion

n) to measure

w)

essential

с)

work

h) simple

o) frequency

X)

power

d)

to use

i) circuit

p) current

У)

important

е)

number

j) to involve

q) voltage

4

to consume

0

science

k) properly

r) to exist

a')

accurate

1) to determine

s) continuity

b')

equipment

t) item

c')

value

d')

arithmetic

8 2

b) unit

Read the word-combinations and point out those of “Noun+Noun” type:

a) physical sciences; b) quantitative measurements; c) standard unit;

d) electron-tube analyzer; e) important items; f) simple arithmetic;

g) watt-hour meter; h) power-factor meter; i) functional design; j) frequency meter; k) capacitance-resistance-inductance bridges; 1) commonly used; m) service work; n) operate properly; o) following methods;

p) efficiency level.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out numbers of those which deal with, the topic “Basic Electrical Measuring Instruments”.

1. In all physical sciences accurate quantitative measurements' are essential. 2. A rheostat is used to change the resistance of circuits, and in this way to vary the value of current; 3. A resistor is used to reduce, the value of current in the circuit, to produce voltage drop and in this way to change the value of the voltage. 4. Ammeters are used to measure the amount of current flowing in a circuit. 5. A voltmeter determines the voltage existing between two points in a circuit. 6. These devices are used to protect the motor from overheating and overloading. 7. In the case of the large motor, it is necessary to insert in the line some device, which will reduce the starting current. This device may be a resistance unit.

10 15

Home exercise. Read some information on Participle with the purpose of its correct translation into Russian.

Особенности перевода на русский язык причастия настоящего времени действительного залога

Английский язык

Причастие употреблено в функции:

1. Определения

Е. g. A varying amount of energy is required.

2. Обстоятельства

Русский язык

1. Переводится причастием настоящего или прошедшего времени действительного залога с суффиксами -ущ-, -ющ-; -ащ-, -ящ-; -вш-. Пример. Требуется изменяющееся количество энергии.

2. Переводится деепричастием несовершенного вида, оканчивающимся на -я или -а.

E. g. Employing inductance or capacitance bridges the operator determines the value of a capacitor or an inductance.

3. Логического сказуемого в самостоятельном причастном обороте: а) беспредложного E.g. The electricians knowing well their duties the danger of explosion has been prevented,

б) вводимого предлогом with E. g. Lubrication should not be attempted with the unit running.

Пример. Используя мост для измерения индуктивности или ёмкости, оператор определяет величину ёмкости конденсатора или индуктивности катушки.

3.

Пример. Поскольку (так как) электрики хорошо знали свои обязанности, опасность взрыва была предотвращена.

Пример. Нельзя осуществлять смазку при работающей установке.

Now run over the text, read the sentences with Participle and translate them into Russian.

The second class period

11 2

Read the words. Point out Participle I and Participle II:

a) servicing; b) maintaining; c) coupled; d) understanding; e) employed; f) helps; g) consumed; h) continuity; i) existing; j) electrical;

k) designed; 1) understood; m) known; n) a feeling; o) grown; p) seen;

q) being; r) done; s) driven; t) during.

12 2

Read the word-combinations and point out those of Participle and Participle Construction:

a) the voltage existing between two points; b) are well defined; c) are easily understood; d) a thorough understanding coupling with the theory;

e) iri servicing and maintaining electrical equipment; f) materials conducting electricity; g) the phenomenon observed during th'e test;

h) methods measuring; i) succeeded in observing; j) all the methods recommended.

13 3

Read the sentences and define the meaning of the word “use” in each

case.

1. This device is out of use nowadays. 2. Why don’t you have the use of the motor? 3. This conference is of great use for all of us. 4. I’m afraid I’m of no use here. 5. There’s no use to employ this wattmeter. It seems to be out of order.

Translate at sight the sentences with Gerund.

1. Reading scientific books is useful. 2. We object to the authors of this paper not referring to our paper. 3. I hate missing'lectures. 4. They started working. 5. He stopped removing bearings. 6. For the sake of avoiding the introduction of further terminology...

17 2

Find Gerund in the following sentences. Read and translate them.

1. This rule applies above all for rising temperatures. 2. Transformers are used for raising or lowering voltages and, aside from this in some cases, for measuring purposes. 3. You must have patience for learning foreign languages requires time.

18 9

Translate as exactly as you can. Look up new words in a dictionary. Render the text in English.

A bridge is a sensitive device used to measure resistance, capacitance, or inductance when great accuracy of measurement is desired. Bridges are commonly used for measuring the reactance of components and for accurately determining audio frequencies. Bridge circuits for component measurement include a source of a-c or d-c voltage; an indicating device, usually a sensitive galvanometer or headphones; an adjustable standard, usually a resistor or capacitor; the component whose value is to be measured; and a method of determining how much the unknown value differs from the standard.

19 8

Express the main idea of the whole text in Russian. Make up a plan of the text. Dwell on its subject with your fellow-student.

Measuring Instruments and Alarms

Given below is a minimum list of measuring instruments that are to be provided in order to ensure permanent and direct indication of the system parameters: 1) an ammeter in the main current circuit;

2) a voltmeter in the main current circuit; 3) an ammeter in the field circuit for adjustable excitation system; 4) a voltmeter in the field circuit for adjustable excitation system; 5) a tachometer for propulsion motors or propeller shafts; 6) a rudder angle indicator.

For a-c systems the following is to be provided additionally: 7) a frequency indicator; 8) a synchronizer for generator paralleling.

The electric propulsion plant system is to be equipped with an insulation resistance measuring instrument. Continuous insulation resistance measuring is to be provided in the main current circuits, with visual and audible alarms to operate in the event of inadmissible decrease of the insulation resistance.

Where a control desk or a control panel incorporates measuring instruments with oil, steam or water supply to them, suitable measures are to be taken to prevent the possibility of any of the above agents gaining access to live parts if the instruments or piping connections are damaged.

20 9

Answer the questions related to the text below.

1. What do they call truly ammeters?

2. What sort of measuring instrument is called a voltmeter?

3. What is the construction of most meters?

4. Which is more common: the electrodynamometer types of instrument

or the permanent magnet (PM) type?

5. Under what condition does the instrument become a wattmeter?

6. How do dynamometers differ from PM instruments?

Indicating D-C Meters

Fundamentally, all meters measure current and in this sense are ammeters. When they have low internal resistance so as to produce no effect on a circuit’s performance and are actuated through direct connection in series with the main current path, they are truly ammeters. When they have high resistance so that they may be placed in shunt or directly across a voltage source they are called voltmeters. Their indication of voltage is based on the product of a known, calibrated internal resistance in series with the meter movement, and the current flowing through that resistance.

Most meters are constructed to use the attractive and repulsive force characteristics of magnetic structures to produce deflection of a pointer. In the most common PM type mutual force is exerted upon a movable, pivoted coil which itself becomes a magnet when it passes d-c current being measured.- When a movable magnet is mounted in the

field of a fixed permanent magnet and when it is passing current of the correct polarity, a force is exerted upon the movable magnet. In the resultant alignment of the fields, definite and proportional movement is produced against the restraining force of a spring connected to the pivoted coil. Deflection is arranged to be proportional to the amount of current through the coil, so that <5 h when the meter scale over

which the pointer moves Fig. 1. Basic d-c meter movement using pivoted coil is calibrated, a true indi-and permanent magnet cation of current is ob

tained.

The basic d-c meter movement uses the pivoted coil and a PM. (Fig. 1). The electrodynamometer type of instrument, which is less common than the PM type, employs the same basic moving-coil mechanism but uses a fixed electromagnetic field actuated by current xvhich is related to or proportional to that in the moving coil.

When the current through a circuit is sent through the fixed-mag-net coil and the voltage across it applied to the movable coil, this instrument becomes a wattmeter, since deflection is then proportional to the product of voltage and current.

Dynamometers are less flexible than the PM type meters, less sensitive, and generally more expensive. Their basic arrangement, however, allows them to be used on either a-c or d-c when appropriate scale multiplier, and shunt arrangements are included in their internal circuitry.

21 15

Home exercise. Having read the text below complete the following sentences in such a way that they make sense. .

1. In the moving iron-vane type, induced currents*are used to produce magnetic force on a structure bearing a pivoted pointer and a vane which is ... a) heat-generating input current; b) input voltage-charged condenser plate; c) thin iron element.

2. Rectifier elements mounted within the meter case may be. . . a) copper oxide, selenium, germanium, or silicon; b) dry wood, bakelite, mica;

c) alkaline nickel-cadmium cells.

3. Moving iron-vane meters usually have relatively low impedances and are. . . a) complex and cheap; b) designed for operation over as wide a band of frequency as possible; c) simple and inexpensive.

4. The use of moving iron-vane meters must be restricted to the .... a) voltage for which they are designed; b) frequency for which they are designed; c) current for which they are designed.

A-C Indicating Meters

The moving iron-vane type is the most common a-c meter. In ii induced eddy currents are used to produce magnetic force on a structure bearing a pivoted pointer and a thin iron element called a vane. The vane has no coil. The stationary magnetic field is* produced by a single current-carrying coil surrounding both the fixed metal element and the pointer movement. This coil is so arranged that its own field induces a field in the moving vane and in addition generates attractive or repulsive magnetic forces with respect to its own self-produced magnetic field. Deflection is basically proportional to the current through the main coil.

Moving iron-vane meters usually have relatively low impedance and are simple and inexpensive. They measure either voltage or current, but their use must be restricted to the frequency for which they are designed.

Rectifier type meters utilize PM d-c movements actuated by current developed from rectifying the applied a-c being measured. Rectifier elements mounted within the meter case may be copper oxide, selenium, germanium, or silicon. The developed d-c is proportional to the applied a-c while the rectifiers and associated circuitry are designed for operation over as wide a band of frequency as possible.

Hometask'. Ex. 10, 15, 21.

The third class period

22 3

Listen to the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “common”.

1. In common with other students he had little time. 2. The British Parliament has two Houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 3. These motors have nothing in common. 4. How do you like this meter? —Well, it’s nothing out of the common. 5. Your idea is something out of the common.

23 4

Listen carefully to the tape-recorded text and render it in English.

The wattmeter conventionally a 60-cycle power meter is not frequently used in the modern electronic laboratory. This is because phase differences are difficult to handle, and because power consumption frequencies have a different significance and are usually not measured by direct-reading meters,

Briefly, in 60-cycle measurements the wattmeter has a dynamometer movement, load current is sent through one coil and load-proportional voltage produces a current which is sent through the other. Phase differences between the two inputs reflect themselves in the repulsive or attractive forces between the coils, and a true reading of power is given by the final deflection.

24 6

Fulfil or explain the following:

1. Name the basic electrical measuring instruments (10).

2. Show a simple drawing of ammeter and voltmeter connections to a circuit.

3. Give some characteristics and applications of the most common a-c meter.

25 5

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What methods are commonly used in electrical service work to determine if the circuits of an equipment are operating properly?

2. When do they use a watt-hour or kilowatt-hour meter?

3. What is most essential in servicing and maintaining electrical equipment?

4. What advantage does a PM moving coil meter have over an iron-vane meter?

26 7

Prepare a) short talk with your fellow-student on basic electrical measuring instruments. Use ex. 24, 25. Then record your dialogue.

27 4

Solve these two problems.

1. Suppose the ammeter scales reads 1.9 amp., the voltmeter scale reads 2.4. V. How much is the value of resistance in the measured circuit?

2. Suppose the ohmmeter scale reads 75 ohms, the voltmeter scale reads 220 V. How much is the value of current in the measured circuit?

28 9

Practice pronunciation. Open your books and repeat after the speaker in pauses 3 paragraphs of the recorded text “Basic Electrical Measuring Instruments”. Thea close your books and do the same with paragraphs 4—7.

29 1

What is the name of this device?

This device measures the frequency of alternating current. It consists of a tuned circuit calibrated in frequencies. It can show maximum current when; the tuned frequency of the circuit is the same as the frequency of the voltage or current being measured.

30 6

After listening to two texts say what differs them and what they have in common.

Capacitors

The capacity of a capacitor is measured in farads. A capacitor has a capacity of 1 farad when a charge of 1 coulomb increases the potential, between its plates, by 1 volt.

The capacity depends on four things: a) the higher the voltage used to charge the capacitor the more energy it will store; b) the larger the size; of plates and the greater their number the more energy will be stored; c) the closer are the positive an.d negative plates the greater is the charge; d) some insulators store greater charge than others.

Capacitor in A-C Line

When a capacitor is connected into a circuit through which alternating current is flowing, the plates of the capacitor are charged negatively or positively.

In order to show the action of a capacitor in an a-c line, connect a capacitor in series with a lamp and plug into the a-c lighting. The lamp will glow provided its resistance does not prevent. Then connect another capacitor in parallel and the lamp will glow brighter. Connecting more capacitors and increasing the capacity we increase the glow.

Thus, capacitors oppose the flow of current.

31 20

Home exercise. Write your recommendations on general requirements to lighting and be prepared to dwell on the subject provided by the text.

Lighting. General Requirements.

In all rooms, spaces and locations' of the ship where lighting is necessary to ensure the safety of navigation, operating of machinery and equipment, as well as accommodating and evacuation of passengers and crew, stationary fixtures^1 of main lighting are to be installed.

Lighting fixtures installed in rooms and spaces, where mechanical damage is possible to the glass hoods^2 are to be provided with' protecting gratings^3.

Lighting fixtures are to be installed in such a manner as to prevent; heating of cables and adjacent materials up to a temperature exceeding the permissible^4 level.

Permanently-installed lighting fixtures in holds are to take their power supply from a special switchboard. Apart from the fuses and switches this switchboard is to be provided with visual signals to monitor individual lighting circuits.

In rooms or places illuminated with luminiscent lamps where visible rotating parts of machinery are located, all measures to be taken to prevent stroboscopic effect.

When using d-c, a label indicating the voltage level is to be fitted on switchboards feeding the discharge lamps.

1 арматура, 2 колпак, 3 решетки, 4 допустимый

32 15

Ноте exercise. Check your reading skills,

a) Read the text.

Special Meters

Thermocouple meters (Fig. 2) convert applied current (a-c or d-c) by thermoelectric effects into deflection currents which register on a PM moving-coil couple actuated by heat generated at the junction formed by two strips of dissimilar metal. One strip carries the heat-generating input currents, the other carries heat-produced currents to the meter movement.

33

3 Заказ № 864

Thermocouple meters are used to measure a wide range of either a-c or d-c currents and give an accurate picture of the effective, or heat-j producting, value of a current noi matter what its nature. The meters are relatively expensive and the thermal delay in converting input electricity to heat makes them sluggish.

Fig. 2. Arrangement of thermocouple meters

b) Place a transparent film on the text and insert every fifth word (22) which is shaded on the film.

c) Fill in the blanks in such a way that it makes sense.

1. The convertion of applied current into deflection current is through a thermocouple.... a) actuated by two strips of dissimilar metal; b) actuated by heat generated at the junction; c) generated by input currents.

2. Thermocouple meters are used to... . a) measure voltage by the comparison method; b) operate through the electrostatic repulsion;

c) measure a wide range of either a-c or d-c currents.

3. Thermocouple meters are relatively. ... a) expensive; b) large;

c) cheap.

Now record your time and results 22—20 correctly inserted words+3 correct answers per 8 minutes get you an excellent mark.

20—18+2 per 9 ms — good. 18—17+2 per 10 ms — satisfactory.

Hometask: Ex, 31, 32.

Key

6 — aehn; 7 — cdgiklnprsuvxzb'c'; 8 — cdghjmp; 9—1, 4, 5; 11 — Iabiq, 1 lcegklmoprs; 12 — adfgj; 13—1. Этот механизм вышел из употребления в наши дни. 2. Почему вы не пользуетесь этим двигателем? 3. Эта конференция полезна всем нам. 4. Боюсь, что я здесь бесполезен. 5. Не стоит (не имеет смысла) пользоваться этим ваттметром. Кажется, он испортился. 17—2, 3; 22—Т. У него было мало времени, так же как и у других студентов. 2. В английском парламенте 2 палаты: палата общин и палата лордов. 3. У этих двигателей нет ничего общего. 4. Как вам нравится этот счетчик? — Знаете, в нём нет ничего особенного. 5. Ваша идея незаурядна, 29 — Frequency meter. 32 — 1Ь2сЗа.

SECTION 2 (3+1+3)

Synchronous up/down Counters

The first class period

Review of “Basic Electrical Measuring Instruments”. 10

Topical content: Synchronous up-down counters. 10

Grammar item: Infinitive.

Text Synchronous up/down Counters

1. Synchronous up/down counters count number of pulses applied on the clock input. They consist of flip-flops and steering logic. (Fig. 3).

Clock pulses Inputs clear InputsLoad input

A

Ha

data ( outputs-h Carry and > borrow

в

ав

C

°-c

D

>UP

yiJownCLRLoad

Carry <Borrow-

Fig. 3. Synchronous up/down counters

2. The reversible counters have the; following inputs and outputs: clock pulses inputs for counting down and counting up; clear input for resetting counter at any time; data and load inputs for presetting counter to desirable initial number before co-

Data

inputs

output for indicating overflow of counter and borrow output for indicating underflow of counter.

3. The outputs of all flip-flops are triggered by a low-to-high level transition of either count (clock) input. The direction of counting is determined by which count input is pulsed while the other count input is high.

4. Counters are fully programmable, that is each output may be preset to either level by entering the desired data at the data inputs while the load input is low.

5. The output will change to agree with data inputs independently of the count pulses. This feature allows the counters to be used as module-N dividers by simply modifying the count length with preset inputs.

6. A clear input forces all outputs to the low level when a low level is-applied to this input. The clear function is independent of the count and load inputs.

7. The counters are designed to be cascaded. Both borrow and carry outputs are available to cascade both the up and down counting functions. The borrow output produces a pulse when the counter underflows. Similarly thd carry output produces a pulse when overflow occurs.

8. The counters can be easily cascaded by feeding the borrow and carry outputs to the count-down and count-up inputs respectively of the succeeding counter.

Exercises

1 5

Read the text and write 7 names of inputs and outputs of counters.

2 3

Looking through the text find and read the passages containing the information:

а) о назначении реверсивных счетчиков;

б) об их устройстве;

в) об изменении выходного сигнала триггеров;

г) о каскадировании счетчиков.

3 3

Read the text paying attention to the Infinitives.

4 5

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself paying attention to their Russian equivalents.

synchronous up/down counter pulse

clock input flip-flop steering logic

output

clock pulses input counting down counting up clear input to reset data input load input presetting carry output overflow borrow output underflow to trigger

low-to-high level transition

count (clock) input to enter data feature

module-N divider to modify the count length to cascade by feeding outputs

5

Study the text carefully. Use ex. 4.

— реверсивный счетчик

— импульс

— тактовый ход

— триггер

— управляющее логическое устройство

— выход

— вход тактовых импульсов

— вычитание

— сложение

— вход «очистка»

— сбросить, очистить

— вход данных

— вход загрузки

— предварительная установка

— выход «перенос»

— переполнение

— выход «заём»

— опустошение

— переключать

— перепад уровня с низкого на высокий (с 0 на 1)

— тактовый вход

—• закладывать данные

— характерная черта

— делитель частоты

— изменять длительность счета

— собирать в каскады

— путем подключения выходов

6

7

Read the words, point out those which deal with the topic “Inputs of Synchronous Counters” and write them out.

g) counter

h) available

i) to cascade

j) to preset-

k) overflow

l) underflow

m) to modify

n) to trigger

o) similarly

p) borrow

q) clock

r) count

s) to design

t) to consist

c) to use

a) input d) valve

b) data. e) output

f) pulse

u) steering

v) level

w) transition

x) reversible

y) clear

z) indication a^1 [2]) to determine I/) low

c') logic

cT) independently

Read the word-combinations and point out those with Participles:

a) a varying amount; b) increasing the thickness; c) with their stators connected in series; d) being a trained technician; e) by using a valve? f) an instrument for measuring current; g) copper being a good conductor; h) having been adjusted; i) avoid wearing loose overalls; j) know about Franklin having worked in.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out numbers of those which deal with the topic “Synchronous Counters”.

1. The control pulses are generated from the supply voltage, which is supplied to the control pulse circuits via a transformer and a filter circuit. 2. The synchronous up/down counters consist of flip-flops and steering gear. 3. Comparison of the filtered a-c voltages and the input^1 signal to the control pulse circuits gives the phasing of the control

pulses. 4. The control pulses are then fed to a logic circuit which checks

that they are within set delay angle limits. 5. The output of all flip-flop^ are triggered by a low-to-high level transition of either count input.

6. A clear input forces all outputs to the low level when a low level is applied to this input.

10 20

Home exercise. Read some information on Infinitive with the purpose of its correct translation into Russian.

Особенности перевода инфинитива на русский язык Английский язык Русский язык

I. Инфинитив в функции: I

1) подлежащего 1) Существительное. Пример.

sion was round unnecessary.

2) обстоятельства цели

Е. g. Не had taken extraordinary steps to ensure the precision and accuracy of measurements, enough/too+adj.-finfinitive E. g. Any absorption in this region is too weak to be observed.

3) обстоятельства следствия

E. g. The units had rearranged to produce a new form.

4) определения

Е. g. То carry out this discus- Нашли, что проведение этой дискуссии нецелесообразно.

2) «Для того, чтобы, для». Пример. Он принял особые меры для обеспечения точности и аккуратности измерений.

Модальный оттенок.

Пример. Поглощение в этой области слишком слабое, чтобы его можно было заметить.

3) Деепричастие.

Пример. Элементарные ячейки перегруппировались, образуя новую форму.

E. g. The result that is to be expected is important for our investigation.

II. Must (may, can)+have+3-a форма смыслового глагола.

E. g. He must have finished his experiment.

4) Определительное придаточное предложение. Указание на действие в будущем. Пример. Результат, который следует ожидать, важен для нашего исследования.

II. Вводные слова: должно быть, возможно, вероятно. Пример. Дожно быть, он (уже) закончил опыт.

Now run over the text, read the sentences with Infinitives and translate them into Russian.

11 1

Read the words and determine Nouns and Gerunds:

a) the reading; b) reading; c) the coating; d) washing; e) during; f) treatment; g) treating; h) of making; i) postponing.

12 3

Read the word-combinations and point out Participle and Gerund constructions:

a) without violent decomposition occurring; b) the work (being) finished;

c) with all the adverse influence acting jointly; d) due to the organism having to increase; e) has led to the yield having dropped; f) the readings of this device; g) no hope of our getting high level; h) with the electron centred partially; i) the product with analysis corresponding to.

13 4

Read the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “number”.

1. We back numbers are awfully anxious to find out why we cannot appreciate the new staff. 2. He had not been able to place her, get her number, that was evident. 3. Take myself — I choose that example be^ cause^1 after all number one is what I know most about. 4. The result is expressed mathematically in broken number. 5. This song is one of the hottest numbers nowadays. 6. I must say its hours are numbered. You must replace it as soon as possible.

14 7

Read the text and explain the different functions of “-ed” forms. Retell the text in Russian.

15 30 Home exercise. See ex. 15, Unit 1.

16 6

Translate the sentences at sight. Mind Participles.

1. Some of the above mentioned effects are discussed in the following chapter. 2. The new instrument being developed in this plant will be tested in two weeks. 3. Materials conducting electricity are termed conductors. 4. The phenomenon observed during the test was investigated experimentally. 5. Lacking two bolts we could not assemble the machine.

6. Having been adjusted by the operator the motor continued to work.

7. In magnetic materials, such as iron' and steel, the molecules themselves are tiny magnets, each of them having a north pole. 8. The flow of current being reduced, the speed of the motor is correspondingly decreased.

17 6

In what sentences are “-ing” forms of Participle I?

1. Such mutual repulsions increase with increasing size of the atoms concerned. 2. Going to the port I met the surveyor. 3. This is a good recording. 4. Finding a short circuit is sometimes difficult. 5. Expensive tests were conducted with varying air-flows and loads, with checks being made on current balance, temperature rise and general performance. 6. There problems can be overcome by improving the design. 7. The cur-

rent decreasing, an emf is induced in the direction-which coincides with that of the current, thus opposing the decrease of current. 8. On studying the Leyden jar Franklin began thinking that lighting was a strong-spark of electricity.

18 5

What is the function of Participle II in the following sentences?

1. Just how increased inductive power affects the electron bonds is not clear at present, however. 2. Being received the case was opened.

3. Equation 22 is simply a rearrangement of Eq. 20, with summation substituted for integration. 4. The aspirator, with its upper chamber full of water, is connected to the train.

19 8

Give the exact translation.

Automation

To the layman, largely guided by the popular press, “automation” appears as a startling modern invention which will lead to the wholesale establishment of automatic factories and the building of automatic ships. To the engineer automation is merely a contemporary phase in the process of technical evolution that has gone on continuously since the first crude machine. The engineer’s aim has always been to make the best use of machines, materials and money. The answer, of course, does not lie in the mass installation of “black boxes”, electronic or otherwise. It lies in the ingenuity and breadth of vision of the people involved in designing the control system.

The primary aims of control are to reduce the inefficiencies inevitably associated with human machine minding. A complete elimination of human judgement is quite impracticable. However highly developed an automatic system may become the skill and experience of the trained operator will still be essential.

20 20

Home exercise. Choose a suitable title for the story and give reasons for your choice. Be prepared to dwell on the subject expanding the examples from the story.

Now I feel I must tell you how Thomas Alva Edison (1847—1931) made one of his greatest discoveries. It happened like this.

One summer evening in 1879 a glow worm sat on a pear which Mr, Edison was about to eat. This incident set him thinking for a time. T|hen he exclaimed joyfully: “Of course! Now I know!”, and . . . the electric bulb was invented.. .

Hometask: Ex. 10, 15, 20.

The third class period

21 3

Listen to the\ sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “set”.

1. Clear input permits to reset counter at any time. 2. Data inputs and load input are for presetting counter to desirable initial number before counting of clock pulses. 3. The table shows the technical data of standard electrical equipment sets. 4. The level of the voltage is set by the voltage adjusting potentiometer.

Listen to two recorded texts about wattmeters. Which of these texts contain the most interesting information for electricians? Compare the description of these two wattmeters.

A

A wattmeter is used to measure the value of power. It is connected to the circuit directly. A wattmeter consists of coils: two fixed coils and a coil which moves in the magnetics field produced by the fixed coils.. Wire used for the coils must have a high resistance. The fixed coils are in series with the load, the moving coil is connected across the line in series with a resistance. When a wattmeter is used, the reading on its scale shows the value of power being used.

В

The text from ex. 23, Section I, Unit 2, Figure 4 will help you.

Fig. 4. Operation of the wattmeter

23 6

Fulfil or explain the following:

1. Name inputs of synchronous counters.

2. Name outputs of synchronous counters.

3. Explain the sequence of operations of the counters.

4. Diagram the construction and principle of operation of the counters.

24 5

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What should be done before counting of clock pulses?

2. What feature allows the counters to be used as module-N dividers?

3. How would you know that you have the direction of counting correctly determined?

4. What function does a counter serve?

25 ‘ 7

Work in pairs. Prepare a short talk with your fellow-student on synchronous counters. Use ex. 23, 24. Then record your talk on a tape.

26 1

What is the name of this apparatus?

It is used for operating ammeters, wattmeters, and other measuring devices. It produces in the meters a current lower than the measured current but proportional to it. It also insulates the instrument from the circuit which is being measured. This is necessary for high voltage circuits.

27 9

Practice pronunciation. Open your textbooks and repeat after the speaker in pauses 3 paragraphs of the recorded text “Synchronous Counters”. Then close your books and do the same with paragraphs 4—9.

28 4

Dwell upon the subject of the story. Expand the ideas expressed in it.

Another World War

One day Einstein was asked what the third world war would be like and what weapons would be used.

— I haven’t the slightest idea, — answered the' great scientist, — but I’m deadly certain men will have to use clubs, stones, knives, spears when the fourth world war breaks out. ..

The fourth class period

29 3

In the following sentences insert Infinitives.

1. Clear input permits ... counter in any time. 2. Each output may ...

to either level by entering the desired data' at the data inputs while the

load input is low. 3. The output will ... with data inputs independently of the count pulses. 4. This feature allows the counters ... as module-N dividers.

30 4

Choose the suitable Infinitive phrase to complete every sentence.

1. The counters are designed. .. 2. Both borrow and carry outputs are • available.... 3. He had taken extraordinary steps.... 4. Any absorption in this region is too weak. ... 5. It is possible that some errors may. . . .

6. For a long time the atom was thought.... 7. The transformer is

known. ... 8. Rubber and cotton insulations tend. . . . a) to be observed; b) to be cascaded; c) have resulted from careless operation; d) to burn up when wires are overloaded; e) to ensure the precision of measurements; f) to be a useful apparatus; g) to be indivisible; h) to cascade both the up and down counting functions.

31 3

Listen to 1—4 paragraphs of the text and translate them orally in pauses.

32 3

Respond to the questions. Compare your results with the text.

1. How can you tell when overflow occurs?

2. How can you tell when underflow occurs?

3. What is the function of clear input?

4. What is the function of data output?

33 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Data input and load input for ... counter to desirable initial number.

2. Carry output is for indication ... of counter. 3. The reversible counters have the following inputs: clock pulses inputs for ... and counting up.

34 3

Speak on the cascading of counters using the words below:

1-. counter, design, cascade; 2. both, borrow, carry, output, available, up, down, counting, function; 3. borrow, produce, pulse, counter, underflow;

4. similarly, carry, produce, pulse, overflow, occur.

35 3

Complete the following sentences in such a way that they make sense. Compare your results with the text.

1. The counters can be easily cascaded by... . 2. The output will change to agree with.... 3. Counters are fully programmable that is. .. .

36 6

Work in pairs. Explain the theory of relativity to your fellow student.

37 15 Check your reading skills. See ex. 32, Section 1, Unit 2.

Automation

Automation has been, and is still, a greatly misused word but its proper meaning and, therefore, its implications, is gradually becoming better understood. It is a concept through which a machine system is caused to operate) with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation and control. It involves a detailed and continuous knowledge of the functioning of the system so that the best corrective actions can be applied as soon as they become necessary. Thus automation should produce the optimum result. Unfortunately the word has gathered many wrong and half-wrong associations all of which imply mechanization, which in turn implies unthinking repetitive motion and this is the exact opposite of automation.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Automation has been, and is still, a greatly ... . a) misused word;

b) elimination of practical human judgement; c) essential skill and experience of an operator.

2. Automation is a concept through which ... is caused to operate with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation and control, a) mechanization; b) unthinking repetitive motion; c) a machine system.

3. Automation involves a detailed and continuous knowledge of the functioning of the system so that ... as soon as they become necessary.

a) the skill and experience of the trained operator will still be essential;.

b) the best corrective actions can be applied; c) the engineer’s aim has always been to make the best use of machines, materials and money.

Now record your time and results.

Give the exact translation.

Frequency

The number of cycles per second is the frequency of an a-c. There are two frequencies: the standard for Europe is 50 cycles per second while the standard for the USA is 60 cycles per second. A standard frequency has a great advantage since different systems can be interconnected.

39 3

Ask each other questions covering the text.

Electronic Control of Motors

It is necessary to control motors. That is, motors must be started, stopped, and reversed, and, within limits, it must bej possible to control their speed.

The controls needed to perform these various functions on d-c motors are designed to alter the quantity or the direction of the current in the field or in the armature of the motor. On d-c controls, these functions were shown to consist mainly of resistances, switches, and solenoids.

It is possible to control motors, not only electromechanically an-d electromagnetically, but also electronically, by means of vacuum tubes or gas-filled tubes. Some electronic devices can be made to operate a relay which in turn controls a motor. Others influence the amount and direction of current flowing in the motor circuit and thus the action of the motor itself. Both types may be found in one control device.

40 3

Work in pairs. Dwell with your fellow-student on basic elements of automation. Use ex. 19, 20, 37, 39.

41 35

Home exercise. Pick out all the sentences with Infinitive and translate them. Be prepared to dwell on the science of the future.

Science of the Future

Alf: I can’t understand what made you buy such an expensive electronic computer!

Eric: I didn’t buy it. I got my father to do it.

Alf: Really?

Eric: The other day we went to see an exhibition of various devices of

that kind and when my father saw a computer wash the dishes, peal potatoes, sweep thq floor, scratch somebody’s back, and what not, he was thrilled to pieces, and had the makers send one to our flat at once.

Alf: It must have been a sight worth seeing, I suppose.

Eric: I don’t want you to get so excited, but it’s really marvellous. When I come to think what brain-work went to its making, and how well off some brainless people can be, I really begin to think I ought to have taken up electronics.

Alf: You seem to have forgotten how bad you were at mathematics when you were at school...

Eric: Now, that Eve got the computer, I can be taught mathematics or any other subject in no time, and if I’d had one at school I would have

been taught everything practically with no effort at all!

Alf: Do you mean to say you want the electronic computer to teach you how to work?

Eric: Er . . . well, not quite. I’m too old for that. Now I want the computer to work for me and so does my father. I mean to say he wants the com* puter to do all the housework for him. You see he may not like his pub acquaintances to see he’s under his wife’s thumb... Now I’ve just got a job in the Intelligence Department as an expert on ciphers and codes and I am expected to solve the most ingenious intricacies of the most complicated systems ever made by man.

Alf: But suppose the electronic computer goes wrong, what' then?

Eric: It doesn’t matter. Most of the messages are written in either a single code or a double code system.

Alf: What’s the difference?

Eric: When the single code system is used the message is understood by the chap who sends it but isn’t understood by the chap who receives it. Now, in the case of a double code the message isn’t understood either by the chap who sends it or the one who receives it.

Alf: Then what’s the computer for?!

Eric: Er . .. well, you see, my good fellow, they all think I’m an ass, and I am not surprised for 1 look rather silly. Now, if they didn’t hear the rattle of the electronic computer once in a while I might lose my job.. . Alf: I can see there’s' a lot to be seen, more to be heard, and plenty to imagine! I have never thought much of electronics, but now I begin to think it’s the science of the future.

Eric: Precisely.

42

20

Home exercise. Give a written account of the text.

A-C Electric Equipment of Ship’s Deck Machinery. Introduction

Modern electric equipment of ship’s deck machinery comprises electric motors and electric apparatuses of specially developed series and individual designs.

The fact that this machinery has to operate on weather decks predetermines special environmental conditions of the electric equipment: ambient temperatures ranging from —40 to +50° C, high humidity up to due fall with frequent cyclic variations, pitching and rolling, strong vibration, periodic splashing with sea water, high dynamic overloads and a large number of on-load startings.

The electric equipment of deck machinery meeting all specific requirements of marine service is noted for a high electrical strength and mechanical robustness. With regular maintenance and timely replacement of worn parts the service life of the electric equipment is as long as 15—20 years.

Utilized construction of the electric equipment used in deck machinery makes it possible to provide for any operating conditions in the course of its service.

To improve its reliability and efficiency the electric equipment is being constantly developed through the use of new structural materials and new switching and control systems and through a detailed study and overall improvement of the interaction between the electric drives of the deck machinery and other ship’s equipment.

Hometask: Ex. 41, 42.

Key

6 —behikno; 7— abcfgjmnqrvwy a' b' d'; 9 — 2, 5, 6; 11 — 1 acfh, 2 bdgi; 12 — 1 bchi, 2 adeg; 13 — 1. Мы, старики, стараемся понять, почему мы не можем оценить новое искусство.

2. Было очевидно, что он не мог составить мнение о ней, не мог раскусить ее. 3. К примеру, возьмем меня. Я говорю о себе, потому что, в конце концов, о себе я знаю больше всего.

4. Результат математически выражен дробью. 5. Эта песенка один из самых популярных номеров в наши дни. 6. Должен сказать вам, что часы его сочтены. Нужно заменить его как можно скорее. 17— 1, 2, 5, 7; 18— 1, определение; 2. обстоятельство; 3. причастный оборот с предлогом with выражает обстоятельство; 4. причастный оборот с предлогом with в функции определения; 21 — 3. В таблице приведены технические данные типовых комплектов электрооборудования; 26 — current transformer; 30—lb, 2h, 3e, 4a, 5c, 6g, 7f, 8d; 37 — la, 2c, 3b.

section з (3+1+3)

Automatic Voltage Regulators

The first class period

Review of “Synchronous up/down Counters”. 12

Topical content: Automatic voltage regulators (AVR). v 10

Grammar item: Infinitive Constructions.

Text

Automatic Voltage Regulators

of the following parts: voltage measuring circuit, amplifier, frequency measuring circuit, synchronizing and triggering circuit, stabilized power supply.

11

8

J

Fig. 5. Automaic voltage regulator. Block diagram: 1 — ciirrent transformer; 2 — fuses; 3 — excitation switch; 4 — AVR unit; 5 — voltage adjuster; 6 — voltage build-up circuit; 7 — thyristor bridge; 8 — compounding transformer; 9 ■—rotating diode bridge; 10 — compounding circuit; 11 — supply transformer

All the above mentioned circuits are mounted on a printed board.

8. The alternator voltage is transformed before it is fed to the printed circuit board via terminals. The voltage is rectified and a proportional voltage is fed to an operational amplifier where it is compared to the reference voltage. The difference voltage is amplified and controls, via a triggering circuit, the firing angle of the thyristors and thereby the exciter current.

9. In case of alternator voltage change, the regulator generates a signal which changes the firing angle of the thyristors until the desired voltage is obtained. A stabilizing filter ensures stable and alternator voltage.

Exercises

1

6

Read the text and write out names of the AVR circuits parts.

2

6

Looking through the text find and read the passages containing the information:

а) о принципе работы регулятора;

б) о заданном и разностном напряжениях;

в) о работе регулятора в случае изменения напряжения генератора переменного тока;

г) о работе цепи измерения частоты.

Read the text paying attention to Gerund.

4 6

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself paying attention to their Russian equivalents.

power factor block diagram

autonomous alternator system

is fed to the AVR unit fuse

exciter switch

reference level actual voltage reference value triggering pulse supply transformer current transformer resistance network voltage build-up circuit

residual

compounding circuit transient protection

AVR circuit

voltage measuring circuit amplifier

frequency measuring circuit synchronizing circuit triggering circuit

stabilized power supply

printed board operational amplifier difference voltage firing angle

— кпд, коэффициент мощности, косинус

— структурная схема (блочная)

— система с автономным генератором переменного тока

— подводится к блоку АРН

— предохранитель

— выключатель напряжения возбуждения

— заданный уровень

— действительное напряжение

— заданная величина

—• включающий импульс

— питающий трансформатор

— трансформатор тока

— цепочка сопротивления

— цепь восстановления напряжения

•— остаточный

— компаундирующая цепь

— защита для переходных режимов

— схема АРН

— измерительная цепь напряжения

— усилитель

— цепь измерения частоты

— цепь синхронизации

— цепь выработки переключающих импульсов

— стабилизированный источник питания

— печатная плата

— операционный усилитель

— разностное напряжение

— угол зажигания

The second class period

5 8 Read the text carefully. Use ex. 4.

6 1

Read the words and point out those of the text:

a) presetting;

b) fuse; c) overflow;

d) feature; e) residual; f) set;

g) amplifier; h) network; i) to modify;

j) counter; k) switch; 1) reference; m) data; n) transient.

Read the words, point out those which deal with the topic “Principle of Operation of AVR” and write them out:

c) to feed

a) load d) switch

b) ship e) factor

f) fuse

g) to obtain

h) level

i) to amplify

j) to permit

k) bridge

l) to convert

m) to equip

n) supply

o) transformer

p) amount

q) sharing

r) power

s) various

t) inside

u)

V)

w)

X)

У)

z)

a')

b')

c')

d')

residual length circuit to provide to feed to couple excitation board elimination to adjust

8 2

Read the word-combinations and point out those with Infinitives: a) permit to obtain; b) we shall speak about; c) is fed to the unit;

d) converted to triggering pulses; e) unit will automatically decrease; f) is made current dependent; g) it must have been a sight; h) I would’ve liked; i) you want the computer to teach you; j) but suppose it goes wrong; k) I’m' bound to make up; 1) what you may call a man’s job;,

m) I’ve just got a job; n) drives are used to heave in.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out numbers of those which deal with the topic “The Principle of Operation of the AVR”.

1. The AVR is especially designed for brushless alternators. 2. The alternator voltage is fed to the AVR unit via fuses and exciter switch.

3. The reference level of the alternator voltage is set by the voltage adjusting, potentiometer. 4. The main parts of the AVR are built as one unit, including voltage build-up circuit and excitation switch. 5. A-c voltage is fed from the alternator via supply transformer to the thyristor bridge. 6. The regulators permit to obtain constant voltage of generators under various amount of load and power factor.

10 25

Home exercise. Read some information on Infinitive constructions with the purpose of its correct translation into Russian.

Особенности перевода на русский язык инфинитивных конструкций

Английский язык

1. Инфинитив, определяющий существительное и выражающий действие, которое должно произойти в будущем.

Е. g. The amount to be paid (=which is to be paid) includes the cost of packing.

2. Инфинитив, выражающий цель. Ему может предшествовать союз so as или in order.

Русский язык

1. Переводится определительным придаточным предложением с глаголом-сказуемым, выражающим долженствование.

Пример. Сумма, которая должна быть уплачена, включает стоимость упаковки.

2. Переводится придаточным предложением цели, вводимым союзом «чтобы».

E. g. We invited the surveyor (in order) to see what had happened with the rotor.

3. Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» в составе предложения со сказуемым, выраженным следующими глаголами в страдательном залоге: to say, to state, to report, to believe, to suppose, to consider, to know, to expect, to seem, etc.

E. g. The generator is expected to be repaired by the end of April.

Пример. Мы пригласили сюрвейера, чтобы он посмотрел, что случилось с ротором.

3. Переводится глаголом в личной форме в составе придаточного дополнительного предложения, которому предшествуют неличные слова, соответственно, «говорят», «заявляют», «сообщают», «думают», «(пред) полагают», «считают», «известно», «ожидается», «кажется».

Пример. Ожидается, что генератор будет отремонтирован к концу апреля.

Now translate the following sentences. Mind Infinitives and Infinitive constructions.

1. The safety inspector must arrange for safety devices to be installed on all machines. 2. After this treatment, the material is then said to be magnetic or magnetizable. 3. The textbook to be published next year will deal with semiconductor technology. 4. Lack of oxygen is credited to make people lose health. 5. The high percentage of impurities was feared to lead to low yields. 6. This discovery is certain to lead to important results. 7. He did not seem to be tired. 8. Knowing my friends to be busy I decided to do it myself. 9. These data must be considered as being largely approximate. 10. Such has indeed proved to be the case. 11. These reactions were not thought to proceed very violently. 12. This method previously mentioned as affording good results, is now widely used.

11 1

Read the words. Point out modal verbs: a) equip; b) permit; c) seem; d) happen; e) should; f) might; g) appear; h) prove; i) mention; j) would; k) must; 1) set; m) make; n) get;

o) can; p) could; q) enable.

12 4

Read the word-combinations and point out Infinitives and Participles:

a) the most common being positive; b) the effect being neglected;

c) calculated the content to be; d) found this to be true; e) the possibility of being converted; f) can write the heat energy to be, as follows; g) with all the adverse influence acting jointly; h) proofs of his having been wrong; i) with summation substituted for; j) with the oxygen normally available; k) alcohol is said to be a suitable medium; 1) conceived it as being a property of; m) two members have been found by them to contain.

13 5

Read the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “fire”.

1. The regulator generates a signal which changes the firing angle of the thyristors. 2. He is between two fires and does not see the way out.

3. Dry wood soon catches fire. 4. One fire drives out another. 5. It is hardly likely that anyone will want to draw the fire of the newspapers again. 6. If you hang fire now, you will never get so good a chance

again. 7. Well, fire away! What made you do such a thing? 8. Many workers of this firm were fired and increased the army of jobless.

Translate at sight the following sentences. Mind the translation of Passive Voice.

1. An electric field will be produced between the electrodes. 2. Current is passed between the solenoid. 3. The early convention as to the direction of current has never been changed. 4. The machine is repaired.

5. The atom may be regarded as the smallest particle of an element.

6. The temperature was being increased. 7. If you were asked this question, what would your answer be? 8. These laws are simple and can be relied on. 9. The chemical action will cease immediately if the connecting wire is removed.

17 4

In the following sentences transform Active Voice into Passive. Model. We showed the engineers the test results. — The test results were shown to the engineers. The engineers were shown the test results.

1. We showed them some of the latest models. 2. They gave the workers new tools. 3. They are developing a new method. 4. The firm has sent us the price list. 5. A compressed air mechanism moves the plate.

18 20

Home exercise. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations.

Электроприводы буксирных лебедок, буксировка на гибкой связи (1); неустановившееся движение (1); учитывая оптимальные соотношения скоростей (1); на средней скорости (1); по схеме двойного питания от сети (1); тиристорный преобразователь частоты с непосредственной связью (2); нормальная скорость выбирания троса (3); расчетная мощность (4); режим 30 минут (4); импульсное включение (4).

Electric Drives of Towing Winches

4. Flexible-link towing is a physical process involving unsteady motion of inertia masses interconnected by a flexible element. Reliability of towing depends on selection of an optimum length of the towline and on minimizing the towline, overloads under various conditions. Non-automatic towing winches with a pull of 120 kN and above may be used with three-speed a-c cage motors controlled by means of magnetic controllers. Taking account of the optimum speed ratio of the winches for towlines 37.5 to 48.5 mm in diameter use may be made of three-speed motors with a speed ratio of 1:2:4, developing a rated power and a rated pull at the medium speed; the motors are controllers. Winches with a 56 to 65 mm diameter towline may be driven by cage motors with a speed ratio of 1:3, producing the rated pull at the medium speed. To obtain low rotation speeds in order to limit the load on the towline these motors must be connected in a dual supply circuit:

2. The motors must be supplied from the supply mains when running at the rated or high speed and from a directly-coupled thyristor converter, when running at low speeds. To ensure the required power two motors may be connected to one shaft. The maximum power rating of such systems is 140 kW, which enables them to be used for the largest winches with a pull of up to 650 kN. 3. The power rating of the motor to be used in the winches is selected to suit the pull required to heave in the tow-

О v

line at the rated speed with a medium towline diameter: P= —— where P — power rating, kW; Qr — rated towline pull, kN; rr — rated value of towline heaving speed, m/s; n — efficiency of the driven gear.

4. The design power must be equal to or below the 30-min motor power rating for non-automatic winches and 60-min power rating for automatic winches operating in the impulse mode. The above’ power must be developed by the motor at the rated speed.

Hometask: Ex. 10, 15, 18.

The third class period

19 3

Listen to the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “unit”.

1. The alternator voltage is fed to the AVR unit via fuses and exciter switch. 2. The standard units are those of current, voltage and resistance.

3. So the unit positive charge has been given energy in the amount of volts, by chemical action during its passage through the battery. 4. Apart from general acquaintance with the principle of operation and the design of separate components and the unit as a whole, it is required to analyze thoroughly the arrangement of separate parts in the unit.

20 4

Listen to the recorded text and give it a suitable title.

Each ship is to be provided with at least two main sources of electric power. If these sources are generators, at least one of them is to have its own independent prime mover.

The number and output of the main generators are to be determined with regard to the following operating conditions of the ship: running conditions, manoeuvring, emergency conditions in operation of main sources of electric power, other operating conditions in accordance with the purpose of the ship.

The output of main sources of electric power and of power converters is to be such; that in case of a failure of any one source or converter, the remaining sources would ensure power supply to the systems essential for navigation and safety of the ship under running or emergency operating conditions.

Total output and momentary overload capacity of all a-c generator sets feeding the ship’s mains is to be sufficient for starting the most powerful electric motor with maximum starting current under most severe starting conditions in case of a failure of any of the generators available.

In this case there should be no drop in voltage or frequency that could cause a fall out of synchronism or stop of the generator prime mover as well as spontaneous switching-off the running machines and apparatus.

21 7

Fulfil or explain the following:

1. Diagram the construction and principle of operation of AVR.

2. With your diagram explain in detail the operation of AVR.

3. Explain the formula: P = ■.

22 5

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What is meant by a “frequency measuring circuit”?

2. What circuits are mounted on a printed board of AVR?

3. How can you tell when alternator voltage changes?

4. How do towing winches operate?

Listen to the recorded story and say what was wrong in the woman’s

note.

Cycles on the Porch

When Toronto’s hydroelectric company converted from 25 cycles to 60, considerable advance planning was necessary. Residents, depending on their location in the city, were assigned specific dates when they might expect a call from the power company and were! advised to have someone at home on that day. One woman, unable to postpone her social activities but anxious to co-operate, left this note: “Please, leave the cycles on the porch!”

The fourth class period

26 % 2

In the following sentences insert Infinitives. Compare your results with the text.

1. The regulators permit . .. constant voltage of generators under various amount of load and power factor. 2. This signal is used . .. the alternator voltage if the frequency drops below 95% of nominal frequency.

3. The alternator voltage will . . . automatically in proportion to the frequency. 4. .. . correct load sharing between parallel running alternators, the alternator voltage is made current dependent.

27

Choose a suitable end to complete the

a)

1. The reaction was feared...

2. Lack of oxygen is credited...

3. The scientists found this...

4. We can also write the heat energy absorbed in such a process. ..

5. The mistakes are thought...

6. This fact may be proved...

7. This discovery is certain..,

8. The explosion is likely..,

4

sentences.

to be true for the case

b) to take a different course

c) to make people lose health

d) to be as follows

e) to lead to important results

f) to be neglected

g) to take place at 300°

h) to be of great importance

Listen to paragraphs 1—4, read sentence by sentence and translate them orally in pauses.

29 5

Respond to the questions. Check your answers in the text.

1. What function do AVR serve in all modern marine alternators?

2. How does AVR operate?

3. What is the function of an operational amplifier?

4. What is to be done to obtain low rotation speeds in order to limit the load on the towline?

30 3

Fill in the blanks with suitable words. Compare your results with the text.

1. All modern ship alternators are ... with voltage regulators. 2. We shall speak about voltage regulators for ... alternators. 3. It is necessary for immediate voltage . .. after elimination of short circuit. 4. The alternator voltage is transformed before it is fed to the printed circuit board . . . terminals.

31 3

Make up sentences. Compare your results with the text.

1. alternator, voltage, transform, feed, printed circuit board, terminal.

2. voltage, rectify, feed, operational, amplifier, compare, reference.

3. difference, voltage, amplify, control, trigger, circuit, exciter current.

32 6

Complete the following sentences according to the text. Compare your results with the text.

1. The regulators permit to obtain constant voltage of generators under. .. 2. The difference between the actual voltage and reference value is. . . 3. The electronic circuits are fed from. . . 4. The triggering pulses are transferred to. . . 5. A stabilizing filter ensures... 6. The signal of the frequency measuring circuit is used to reduce the alternator voltage if. ..

33 9

Read the following sentences and point out Gerund, Participle or Infinitive in each of them. Translate them.

1. Locating the fault in the appliance was easy for the properly trained technician. 2. A varying amount of energy is required. 3. To indicate high temperatures is the function of thermocouples. 4. The problem to be discussed in tins paper is entirely new. 5. The accumulator is charged by passing a current through it. 6. He succeeded in solving the problem.

7. Materials conducting electricity are termed conductors. 8. Wishing to find the fault, they examined the device in all its details. 9. The heat loss is taken to be negligible, and is disregarded.

34 10

Give Russian equivalents for the following words and word-combinations. Use a dictionary if necessary. State to what part of speech they belong. Then translate the sentences.

Apart from, according to, by means of, aside from, in consideration, provided, in accordance with, due to, in view of, by virtue of, in order to, on account of.

. 1. Apart from a more general aspect the problem gives rise to more or less special questions. 2. According to the results of recent investigations a new hypothesis has been developed. 3. Large a-c systems can be coupled together by means of a d-c link. 4. Aside from their principal application in distribution of power by means of alternating currents, transformers are used for regulating voltage and for other purposes.

5. In consideration of the low price we might afford to buy several of these instruments provided that they were sufficiently reliable. 6. In accordance with the statements in this paper it was not until 1927 that this discovery was made. 7. We must interpret this phenomenon as due to a chemical rather than' a physical process, since one substance is transformed into another. 8. The new method has been generally introduced in view of its many advantages and in order to raise labour productivity. 9. On account of the importance of the problem, the scientists suggest new solution. 10. When a primary electron approaches an atom it may, by virtue of its electric field, interact with one of the bound electrons.

35 35

Home exercise. Find equivalents to the following Russian word-combinations and use most of them in 5 sentences of your own illustrating the electromagnetic system of the brake.

Короткоходовон электромагнит (1); надеты на втулки со шлицевым соединением и посажены на вал (1); надеты на штыри, укрепленные в корпусе (1); кольцевой сердечник (2); равномерно расположенные, по окружности сердечников (2); приварен к корпусу (2); те же стержни (2); продольное направление (2); усиление пружины (2); устройство ручного растормаживания (3).

Built-in Brakes

1. The series motors are designed for operating with electromagnetical-ly operated brakes. In the operating principle these brakes belong to multidisk brakes actuated by short-stroke electromagnets. Braking results from friction between the rotating disks lined with a friction material and the stationary steel disks. The rotating disks are fitted on bushes keyed to the motor shaft. The stationary disks are fitted on pins secured in the frame.

2. The electromagnetic system of the brake consists of the two annular cores made of wound steel ribbon, and six coils uniformly spaced around the core circumference. One of the cores is stationary and is welded to the frame. The other core is fitted on the same pins as the stationary disks and is capable of moving in the longitudinal direction. Mounted between the frame and the movable core is the main braking spring. The spring force is applied through the movable core to the stationary disks and through the friction surfaces to the rotating disks. The brakes have provisions for manual unbraking, for adjusting the breaking effort through adjustment of the spring force and for adjusting the electromagnet travel to bring it to a normal value as the friction surfaces wear off. In the course of braking the. brake absorbs the energy of the rotating masses. 3. The entire braking energy is distributed between the mechanical brake, the motor and the load.

36 30

Home exercise. Find equivalents to the following Russian word-combinations. In a few words express the main idea of each passage of the text.

Обслуживать спасательные шлюпки (1); регулярные операции по подъему и спуску шлюпок (1); текущие судовые и промысловые работы (1); охрана человеческой жизни на море (2); установлен ряд требований, предъявляемых к шлюпбалкам (2); шлюпочное устройство (3); самовываливание стрел (3); полностью снабженная шлюпка (3); при крене судна 15° на любой борт (3); крен и антикрен (3); шлюпка не касается борта судна (3); заваливание шлюпбалки (3); при стоянке судна на ровном киле (3); спуск подвесок (5); сматывание троса с барабана вручную (5); одноразовый подъем шлюпки (6); ограниченное время (6); при наиболее расчетной нагрузке (6); выдерживать значительную нагрузку по отношению к данным каталога (6).

Electric Drive of Boat Winches

1. Boat winches are intended to handle rescue boats carried by sea-going and river ships. These do not include the winches used to regularly hoist and lower boats and launches in the performance of routine work and finishing operations of the ship.

2. Under the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea all ships must be equipped with rescue boats. The same Convention specifies a number of requirements'to davit on which the operating conditions of the electric drive depend to some extent.

3. The boat-handling gear must provide the means for:

— swinging-out of boat booms or. davit with a fully fitted-out boat and lowering of the boat with the full number of people and with the ship rolling by 15° port or starboard;

— lifting of a fully fitted-out boat with the full number of people at a list of up to 8° at such an antirol at which the boat moves clear of the ship, and the swinging in of the davit with a fully fitted-out boat and a minimum number of people;

— swinging-out of booms or davits without a boat with the ship stopped even-keel.

4. Boats are lowered without the electric drive at a maximum speed of 0.5 m/s, obtained with the help of a mechanical brake.

5. The suspenders can be lowered either by unwinding the cable from the drum manually or by means of an electric drive.

6. The principle mode of operation of a boat winch drive consists of lifting the boat, once at a time, a limited time period not longer than 5 min. The boat lifting speed is 0.1 to 0.15 m/s. The choice of the motor must be made so as to ensure starting of the motor at the maximum design load. As the boat lifting time must not exceed 5 min the motors may have to sustain heavy overloads as compared with the catalogue data which represent 60 min ratings.

7. The control systems for the motors of the boat winches are quite simple. Starting and stopping of a-c motors are effected by means of magnetic starters with a local push button control which may be reversible or non-reversible, depending on the construction of the winches. Hometask: Ex. 35, 36.

Key

6 —beghkln; 7 — cdfghiklnoqtuwxy W c' d'; 8 — abeghikln;

9 — 2, 3, 5; 10 — 9. Нужно считать, что эти данные являются в значительной степени приближенными. 10. Действительно, оказалось, что дело обстоит именно так. 11. Полагали, что эти реакции не протекают бурно. 12. Этот метод, дающий, как ранее указывалось, хорошие результаты, теперь широко

применяется. 11—efjop; 12—1 cdfkm, 2 abgijl; 13 — 2. Он находится в безвыходном положении и не видит выхода.

3. Сухое дерево легко загорается. 4. Клин клином вышибают. 5. Вряд ли кто-нибудь захочет подвергнуться новому обстрелу со стороны печати. 6. Если вы упустите эту возможность, она вам больше не представится. 7. Ну, начинай (выкладывай)! Что заставило тебя это сделать? 8. Многие рабочие этой фирмы были уволены и увеличили армию безработных. 19 — 4. Помимо общего знакомства с принципом работы и устройством отдельных элементов и приборов в целом, необходимо тщательно изучить расположение отдельных частей в приборе. 20 — Sources of electric power; 27—lb,

2c, 3a, 4d, 5f, 6h, 7e, 8g; 33 — a) 1,5, 6; b) 2, 7, 8; c) 3, 4, 8, 9.

SECTION 4 (4 + 2 + 5)

Ordering Directions and Standard Equipment

The first class period

Review of “AVR”, “Electric Drive of Boat Winches”, “Built-in Brakes”.

15

Topical content: Ordering directions and standard equipment.

Grammar item: Subjunctive Mood. 10

Text

Ordering Directions and Standard Equipment

1. For ordering electric drive equipment for ship’s deck machinery consult tables listing electric drives of various applications.

2. After determining the power rating of servo motors from the formula given in the catalogue select a power drive equipment with the nearest power rating and then make sure tiiat the control properties of the drive indicated on the mechanical characteristics suit the operating conditions of the electric equipment set.

3. The order for delivery of an electric equipment set or a separate motor must contain the following information:

name of the machinery (gear), kind of the current and the ship’s mains voltage;

type of the motor and its electrical characteristics as indicated in tables;

provision of a built-in disk brake and the operating conditions of the brake;

design version of the motor;

number of the free ends of the shaft (without a built-in brake); set number according to tables;

number and type of limit switches in the standard equipment; provision of a spares set;

provision of a Certificate issued by the USSR Register.

4. For ordering separate electrical apparatuses use the data given in tables.

5. The order for delivery of a magnetic controller and a cam controller must contain the following information:

application of the magnetic and cam controllers; class protection; rated current; number of startings per hour; type; operating duty; electric wear ' resistance level; control circuit voltage; voltage; settings of thermal protection relays.

6. An example of an order for an electric equipment set:

Electric equipment set for a mooring capstan, 380 V A. C. Motor MA 11 421-4/8 A, two-speed, power rating 7.0/5 6 kW, rotation speed 1400/650 rpm, 30/30 min duty.

Built-in brake type TNT 42, braking torque 12 daNm, 60 min duty. Design version-vertically mounted, flange type, without feet, M 302, for building into capstan head.

Set No. 8 acc. to Table 15.

One set of spare parts per standard equipment set.

With Certificate of the USSR Register.

7. The spare parts set for the electrical equipment comprises parts and assemblies which can be used for the repairs to be carried out on the ship. The spares sets are packed in sturdy wooden cases adopted for long storage on the ship.

8. The spares set comprises the following parts and assemblies: braking disks for brakes — 1 set; brake coil—1 set; brake spring—1 set; moving and stationary contacts of all types—1—3 sets; springs for apparatuses of all types—1—4 sets; apparatus coils—1 per design version; fuses — 2 sets: rectifiers — 1 set; vitrified resistors—1 per design version; cam assembly—1 —11 per design version.

The list of spare parts supplied with the given equipment is included in the set of technical documentation.

Exercises

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself paying attention to their Russian equivalents.

— формулирование заказа

-— приводное электрооборудование

— судовые палубные механизмы

— определить номинальную мощность исполнительных электродвигателей

— регулировочное свойство

— комплектное электрооборудование

— наименование, механизма

— род тока

— напряжение судовой сети

— необходимость получения поставки

— встроенный дисковый тормоз

ordering directions electric drive equipment

ship’s deck machinery to determine the power rating of servo motors

control property electric equipment set

name of the machinery (gear) kind of the current the ship’s mains voltage provision

built-in disk brake

operating condition design version set number

number and type of limit switches

spares set application class protection

number of startings per hour

operating duty

electric wear resistance level

control circuit voltage

settings of thermal protection

relay

mooring capstan

vertically mounted flange type without feet

building into capstan head parts and assemblies sturdy

vitrified resistor cam assembly

to include in the set of technical documentation

— режим работы

— конструктивное исполнение

— номер комплекта

— число и тип конечных выключателей

— комплект запчастей

— назначение

— степень защиты от внешних воздействий

— число включений в час

-— режим работы

— уровень электрической износоустойчивости

— напряжение цепи управления

— вставки тепловых реле защиты

— швартовый шпиль

— вертикально-фланцевый без лапок

— встраивание в головку шпиля

— детали и узлы

— прочный

— остеклованный резистор

— кулачковый элемент в сборе

— вкладывать в сопроводительную документацию

The second class period

5 10 Read the text carefully. Use ex. 4.

6 1

Read the words and point out those of the text:

a) regulator;

b) reference; c) version;

d) triggering; e) switch; f) wear; g) residual; h) level; i) amplifier; j) duty;

k) capstan; 1) frequency; m) angle; n) setting; o) flange.

7

5

Read the words, point out those which deal with the topic “The Spares Set” and write them out:

c) type

a) set d) brake

b) duty e) coil

f) level

g) design

h) version

i) mooring

j) spare

k) assembly

l) rating

m) torque

n) comprise

o) equipment

p) to use

q) capstan

r) head

s) repair

t) sturdy

u) wooden

v) drive

w) storage

x) case

y) delivery

z) to comprise

a) ' shaft

b) ' spring

c) ' provision

d) ' fuse

c) they calculated the content to be sufficient; d) is stable enough to be isolated; e) he found it to be true; f) the possibility of it being converted; g) the mistakes are thought to be inevitable; h) the method to be described; i) the substance provided to be unnecessary; j) he appears to have been the first to focus; k) this investigation is likely to produce;

1) this product has been proved to affect; m) such has proved to be useful; n) some of the products may have resulted; o) with the former predominated.

9 2

Read the sentences and point out numbers of those which deal with the topic “Procedure for Ordering Equipment and Spare Parts”.

1. Consult Tables listing electric drives of various applications. 2. Enable the control range to be extended to any limit that may be required in actual service. 3. Determine the power rating of servo motors from the formula. 4. Select a power drive equipment with the nearest power rating. 5. Connect a thyristor frequency converter to the 380 V supply mains through a 380/220 V transformer. 6. Make sure that the control properties of the drive indicated on the mechanical characteristics suit the operating conditions of the electric equipment set. 7. Provide for frequency increase or decrease at the predetermined rate. 8. Include the necessary information.

10 20

Home exercise. Read some information on Subjunctive Mood with the purpose of its correct translation into Russian.

В английском языке сослагательное наклонение выражено формами be, were; should, would, could, might, употребленными в сочетании с инфинитивом без to и на русский язык зачастую переводится глаголом с частицей «бы» или союзом «чтобы».

В современном английском языке сослагательное наклонение в основном употребляется в трех случаях:

1. После глаголов, выражающих требование, настояние, пожелание, и после безличных предложений, имеющих сходное значение. The chief engineer demanded that they should do it. Старший механик потребовал, чтобы они это сделали.

2. При наличии слов, указы: ающих на определенную степень нереальности высказывания. The limiting current would probably have a very large temperature coefficient. Предельный ток, вероятно, будет иметь очень высокий температурный коэффициент.

3. В условных предложениях II и III типов, соответствующим формулам: II типу — should/would, could, might/'-fIndefinite Infinitive, if+ Past Indefinite.

E. g. If I were in your place I should do it. Если бы я был на твоем месте, я бы сделал это.

III типу —should (would, could, might)+Perfect Infinitive, if+Past Perfect.

E. g. If the electrician had not arrived in time, the fire would have destroyed the whole electrical equipment. Если бы электрик не пришел вовремя, пожар разрушил бы все электрооборудование.

Now translate these sentences.

1. Moreover, I would have taught you how to use this device. 2. At any rate, you could have changed the valves. There were some spare ones in the drawer. By the way, I think you should have done it. 3. I’d like to check on your results. 4. I wish you could use the decimal system.

5. I would like to know dynamics as well as you do. 6. That would not be a bad idea. 7. That would be marvellous. 8. Would five minutes be long enough for you?

11 1

Read the words. Point out Past Indefinite and Participle II: a) knew; b) saw; c) gone; d) bore; e) cast; f) began; g) begun;

h) blew; i) broke; j) chosen; k) driven; 1) chose; m) came; n) fallen; o) fell; p) grew; q) rung; r) risen; s) rose; t) seen; u) shook; v) sunk; w) shook; x) ran; y) tore; z) torn.

12 2

Read the word-combinations and point out the verbs in Active and Passive Voice:

a) I’ve just read; b) have you got; c) what was once considered; d) tubes are being washed; e) do you know; f) you’re a marvel; g) the mine has just been taken to pieces; h) I’ll have to leave; i) he was offered a good job; j) the pressure was checked; k) he thinks; 1) the building’s simply swarming with; m) he keeps saying; n) a talk is being broadcast; o) I’ve been writing; p) how long have you been working; q) the scientific programme is broadcast; r) the engine’s gone wrong.

13 4

Read the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “end”.

1. I think I’m at the end of my rope. I don’t see any way just at present.

2. I must confess I began at the wrong end. 3. This pipe has a dead end.

4. To have gone off deep end on the strength of this suspicion was such a horrible mistake!. 5. I’m thankful for this invitation of yours. I remember with pleasure our having no end of a time at your place. 6. How is he?— Very low in his mind. But he keeps his end up. 7. He slipped the few odds and ends that he had not packed into his bags. 8. I must tell you that if you see such methods you’ll never gain your ends.

Translate at sight the sentences. Mind Infinitive constructions.

1. A two-winding transformer is known to consist of two coils so arranged that the magnetic lines of forces of one coil pass through the other.

2. If a computer is required to make a calculation or to solve a problem, it has to be fed with the necessary information. 3. Overloaded wires are found to overheat, and if the overload is too great, the rubber and cotton insulation burns up arid then the circuit is readily shorted.

4. For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible. 5. There is a tendency for these tiny (small) currents to cancel one another out.

6. It will hardly be possible for them to solve this problem. 7. It will be easy for the trained technician to locate the fault. 8. They waited for the experiment to be continued. 9. Automatic control permits this process to be sped up.

In the blanks below insert the proper form of verbs given in Russian in brackets. The text concerns the theory of electron tube.

1. The part of some devices ... in electronic control . . . the electron tube (используемых, является).

2. Like those ... in radios, it ... of a glass or metal envelope that . . . several electrodes (используемым, состоит, включает).

3. The simplest tube . . . the diode, which ... of two electrodes, an anode or plate, and a cathode (есть, состоит).

4. For this tube . . . , it ... necessary that electrons . . . (работала, есть, эмиссировались).

5. This . . . so . . . that it . . . a course of electrons when it . . . (сконструирован, может стать, нагревают).

6..........the electrons (нагревание стремится освободить).

7. Some cathodes . . . like the filament of an incandescent lamp with an . . . coating of a material, which ... a large number of electrons while the filament ... hot (делают, дополнительный высвобождает, есть).

8. The tube......after the . . . material . . . by long use (прекратит

действовать, покрывающий, испарится).

9. Some tubes ... a cathode that ... indirectly (имеют, нагревают).

10. ... useful, the electrons that . . . from the cathode . . . , otherwise they . . . simply . . . around in space or . . . cathode (чтобы быть полезными, испускаются, должны быть собраны, будут разноситься, вернутся).

11. The electrons ... by the anode when it ... a positive charge on it (будут собираться, имеет).

12. The anode ... to the positive terminal of a battery . . . the electrons . . . quickly to the anode and ... a current . . . through the empty space between the anode and cathode (подключается, заставляя, двигаться, заставлять, протекать).

18 15

Ноте exercise. Write a letter to a firm requesting delivery of an electric equipment set. Don’t forget to include all the information concerned. Note that you expect delivery at the specified dates and on usual terms.

19 20

Home exercise. Rephrase the indirect instructions from the text below in a direct way where it is possible.

Model. The megger reading may be well within the prescribed parameters for the motor to be started. — Follow the prescribed parameters of the megger readings while starting the motor.

Be prepared to dwell on the subject with your electrician.

An in-Situ Method of Drying out Electrical Machinery*

It is interesting to note that a quiz for junior engineers asked the question: “What is the reason for the most frequent cause of breakdowns in electrical equipment?” The answer was: “The failure of insulation due to salt and moisture ingress”.

The ingress of moisture to electrical equipment at certain locations on board ship is almost inevitable.

It follows, therefore, that any piece of electrical repair equipment which can, in the first instance, be used preventively, that is to ensure that motors and cables are kept free of moisture, and, in the second

role, can repair equipment which has been subjected to total flooding, should be a wise investment. Preventive maintenance. The special equipment is designed to resist dampness in electrical equipment by keeping the installation at a temperature a few degrees above its surroundings. This means that any motor present will be removed without damaging the equipment.

The 2 kVA, 400 mmX400 mmX510 mm transformer is normally placed at the main switchboard. It has 8 secondary voltage tappings from 2 to 60 V and current varies from 33 to 220 A. A rectifier supplies d-c for the megger test.

An outlet terminal board has connection for cables from 1.5 to 10 mm^2 and a common outlet for larger cables. All these are thermostatically controlled to prevent overheating of insulation. Meters indicate current, resistance and temperature.

For routine checking, resistances in the cold conditions are compared with the reading when a machine is heated up.

The conventional method of testing by a “megger” is done when the motor is at the same temperature as its surroundings. The megger reading may be well within the prescribed parameters for the motor to be started.

This, however, could lead to motor failure as very often considerable difference between resistance at working temperatures compared with the resistance of idle machinery at ambient temperature.

Damage Repair. However much preventive care is taken, accidents will occur, such as flooding, and the machinery becomes totally inoperative.

In such cases it is now almost always possible to repair the damaged motors or cables in-situ.

As a case in point, the Norwegian rig had two of its main pillars flooded with seawater. As a result, there was extensive damage to the steering motors, ballast and seawater pumps, and all associated cables. The pillars were cleared of seawater and all machinery, including cable ends, was washed down with fresh water.

In the initial stages of repair, two such special machines were used to treat the cables and motors for the ballast and seawater pumps. After 24 h, the first seawater pump was dried out and back in full operation and it was decided to increase the number of these machines to five. After 23 days, all ballast and seawater pumps had been satisfactorily treated, as well as over 100 cable courses with diameters ranging from 1.5 mm^2 to 240 mm^2.

The alternative method of repair would of course, have meant removing all motors ashore and no doubt the re-installation of some cabling.

* Сушка электрооборудования на месте.

Hometask: Ex. 10, 15, 18, 19.

The third class period

20 3

Listen to the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “spare”.

1. I cannot spare my junior electrician just now. 2. The: spare parts set for the electrical equipment comprises parts and assemblies which can be used for the repairs to be carried out on the ship. 3. When ordering spares, please, quote the type designation and serial number of the machine. 4. Can you spare me some minutes? 5. “Oh, dear, spare me”,— she cried. “I can’t do what you ask me to”.

Listen to some requirements to the arrangement of the equipment and give them a free translation.

1. Instruments and devices shall be, so far as practicable, simple in design, easy for maintenance and safe in operation. 2. The equipment of a ship shall have high degree of reliability to ensure its durable operation under shipboard conditions. 3. Instruments and devices intended for being constantly under operating conditions shall be designed for durable and continuous operation. 4. All instruments and devices shall be designed for specific operating conditions and be capable of withstanding mechanical and climatic tests. 5. Instruments and devices shall be provided with proper supporting fittings for efficient securing in the regular places. It is allowed to use adequate shock absorbing appliances.

6. All lids, covers, doors and other removable parts of cases of the splash-proof type instruments which provide access to replaceable elements and components shall be so constructed as to allow their opening, closing, removal and replacement without applying any special tools. Free access to fuses shall be provided without applying any tools. 7. Removable slide and drop units of instruments shall be efficiently secured in the regular place in operating position. 8. Locking gear shall be provided to ensure efficient fixing, in open position, of the slide, book-type and drop units of instruments as well as partially removable lids, covers, doors, etc.

22 3

Instruct your electrician as to requirements to the arrangement of the equipment. Use ex. 21.

23 5

Fulfil or explain the following:

1. Name 10 parts and assemblies of the spare parts set for the electrical equipment which, can be used for the repairs to be carried out on the ship.

2. Define the term “in-situ method”.

3. Explain the construction and use of a wattmeter.

24 8

Record your answers on a tape.

1. How would you go about ordering a new electric drive equipment?

2. How do you select the power drive equipment?

3. What information in your opinion must the order for delivery of a magnetic controller contain?

4. How do you know when the motor is damaged?

25 7

Work in pairs. Dwell on ordering directions with your fellow-student. Use ex. 23, 24. Then record your talk.

26 13

Practice pronunciation. Open your books and repeat after the speaker in pauses 5 paragraphs of the recorded text “Ordering Directions”. Then close your books and do the same with paragraphs 6—8.

The fourth class period-27

Translate the sentences. Mind Subjunctive Mood.

1. He demanded that they should do it. 2. The engineer ordered that the work (should) be finished. 3. He proposed that a procedure be developed for the purification of a series of standards. 4. It is necessary that they should do it. 5. It' is advisable that the work be finished. 6. The limiting current would probably have a very large temperature coefficient.

7. Temperature and solvent would be expected to play a role in this reaction. 8. In all the examples cited, the relief of compressed energy might provide some driving force for rearrangement, since in every case a less constrained radical is generated.

* 28 3

Listen to paragraphs 1—4 of the text, read sentence by sentence and translate them in pauses.

29 6

Respond to the questions. Compare your results with the text.

1. How would you go about ordering a magnetic controller?

2. What information in your opinion must the order for delivery of a cam controller contain?

3. What is the reason for the most frequent cause of breakdowns in electrical equipment aboard ship?

4. How would you detect that the troubles are due to steam and water adjacent pipework?

30 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. After ... the power rating of ... motors from the formula given in this catalogue ... a power drive equipment with the nearest . . . and then make sure that the control ... of the drive indicated on the mechanical characteristics . .. the operating ... of the electrical equipment ...

2. The order for ... of a ... controller must ... the following information.

31 4

Make up sentences. Compare your results with the text.

1. order, electric drive equipment, ship, deck, machinery, consult, table, list, drive, various, application. 2. determine, power rating, servo motor, select, power, drive, near, rating. 3. make, sure, control, property, drive, indicate, mechanical, suit, operate, condition, equipment set. 4. order, separate, apparatus, use, datum, table.

32 8

Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1. The order for delivery of an electric equipment set or a separate motor must contain the following information: ... 2. The order for delivery of a magnetic controller must contain the following information: ...

3. The spare parts set for the electrical equipment comprises parts and assemblies which ... 4. The spares sets are packed in .... 5. The list of the spare parts supplied with the given equipment...

33 12

Write the exact translation.

1. Prior to replacing faulty components and adjusting new ones in compliance with the circuit requirements, apart from general acquaintance with the principle of operation and the design of separate components and the unit as a whole, it is required to analyze thoroughly the arrangement of separate parts in the unit, their fastening and accessibility on the sample.

2. When eliminating the faults detected, the units should he disassembled only in case of actual necessity.

3. When replacing the faulty components or adjusting the units, it is required to use only the appropriate tools, i. e. all nuts and bolts should be turned out and in by the proper size box spanners or flat keys, and all screws — by screwdrivers corresponding to the sizes of the heads and slits.

Possible Faults and Remedies

Fault symptom: after the unit is switched on, the armature oscillates hut the striker fails to strike the cup.

Probable cause: large gaps between the striker and the cup.

Remedy: bend the striker.

Now try to say what devices are meant here.

34 5

Fill up the certificate and test results. Translate the whole piece.

Certificate of Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor

Type______

Serial No__________

Technical Data

Output______—------------—kAV

Rotation right-hand, left-hand.

Terminal box if seen from the side of the driven mechanism is disposed at the right side (left side).

Results of Routine Tests

Major insulance._________

Stator winding resistance at 20°C________________________

5 Заказ Л? 864

Starting current multiple

Test Results in Normal Operation

Test Results in Normal Operation

__Duty During_Hours

Voltage,V

Current,A

Output,kW

Eff.,%

s*Сn Cu

Excessive temperature rise, °C

of stator winding

of bearing front rear

Electric strength of turn insulation has been checked at voltage of 286 and 494 V during 5 ms.

Major insulation has been checked at 2,000 V during 1 min and proved to be fit.

The motor has been checked at an increased number of revolutions__rprn during 30 min.

Additional Data

Weight of wire_____ kg

Number of sections per phase____________

Number of turns per section_____

Number of slots per pole and phase___________

Slot pitch________

Connection of stator winding — in series, two parallel branches. Designed winding resistance of stator at 20°C-------

Basic Design Data

Motor overall dimensions, mm:

LengthXwidthXheight__

Height of the shaft centre, mm_

Weight, kg______

Sealing

GOST_ Size, mm_

Antifriction Bearings

GOST

Adopted symbol

Quantity, pc

For bearings use lubricant of grade

Air Gap

As per drawing, mm

rated

minimum

maximum

Number of motor operation hours on the Manufacturers’ testing bench —

Record of Inspection and Repairs

Date

Cause

Flaw detected

Description of parts to be repaired or replaced

Job performed

Note of performed jobs (place, date)

Document

Signature

36 30

Home exercise. Find in the text below the English equivalents for the following Russian word-combinations. Write a summary in English.

Законченное комплектное устройство (1), нулевая защита (1), сложное коммутационное устройство (3), открытая палуба (5), крышкой вверх (6), двухпостовое управление (7), высокопроизводительные механизмы (10).

1. The power cam controllers are self-contained unitized devices which, apart from the cam assemblies, have provisions for no-voltage protection, overload protection and, sometimes, one or two contactors and a relay.

2. The power cam controllers are widely used for controlling a-c motors of deck machinery.

3. Simple construction, reliable operation and small dimensions of this intricate switching device make it possible for electric drives which do not have to meet stringent requirements as to wear resistance.

4. Electric drives used for marine services are controlled by means of series power controllers which are available in two sizes.

5. The power cam controllers of the KB series have watertight construction as per class IP 56 and are designed for installation on weather decks.

6. The power cam controllers are designed for vertical mounting on weather decks or on the machinery. If no contactors are mounted in controllers the latter can be arranged in a horizontal position with the cover upward.

7. The use of the power cam controllers in the electric drives of the deck machinery is restricted to motor ratings of 20 to 25 kW. The factors which impose such restrictions are the operating frequency exceeding 300 operating cycles per hour and the requirements for remote or two-stationed control.

8. For anchor-handling, mooring and similar equipment with rating of up to 20 kW the power cam controllers are the preferred type of controllers.

9. The choice of the power cam controllers for cargo hoisting gear must take into account the required wear resistance of the controller.

10. For devices with a small number of startings and irregular operation controllers may be selected with regard to the starting and rated currents. For highly efficient gear with a number of startings per hour greater than 150 the value of the allowable starting and rated currents must be decreased to 1 or 2 times, so that the v'ear resistance should increase 2.5 or'4 times, respectively.

Hometask: Ex. 35, 36.

The fifth class period

Review of “Ship electrical equipment”. 10

Topical content: Technical documentation of electrical equipment. 8

37 20

Give the exact translation of the Certificate and dwell on it with your fellow-student.

Lloyd’s Register of Shipping Certificate for AC Generator or Motor

Cert. No. Lon. 71083 Works order No. 51433

Main order No. 22/462 21.1.84 Intended for Ship/Yard/Eng.

Type MC 634 В

Date 19.12.84 Port London Manufacturer: Newage Engineers, Limited, Stamford, Lines.

Purchaser: A/S Norsk Elektrisk and Brown Bovery, Oslo, Norway.

Dates of inspection:

First 20.10.84 Last 13.12.84 '

This is to Certify that the [3]auxiliary propulsion AC generator/stator, particulars of which are given below, has been inspected by me at the Makers’ works. The construction, workmanship and materials are good, and the machine complies with the relevant of the Society’s Rules.

On completion the [3]generator/motor was tested with satisfactory results.

Rating

kVA 560 Volts 380/220 Phase 3

kW 448 Amps 850 Cycles 50

HP — Power factor 0.8 R.P.M. 1,500

Type of enclosure S.P. and D.P. Class of insulation Stator В

Machine No. 51433/1 Date of Rotor F

Temperature test Machine

13.12.84 acting as Generator

Results of Tests

Generator

Duration

4 Hours

Degrees C.

Voltage regulation

R.P.M.

1,500

Auto or inherent

Volts

380

Cooling air 19

Amps

850

Stator winding 75.6

Full load

No load

Power factor 0.8

Rotor winding 89.7

R.P.M.

1,500

1,560

Slip rings —

Volts

380

382

Volts —

Field —

Amps —

Amps

880

—

Cycles

50

Overload test

1 min. 2kV 50% for 15 sc

Shaft. BIR 761055

(signature) Surveyor to Lloyd’s Register of Shipping.

Hot insulation High voltage test resistance (megohms) 100 volts AC for Identification marks No. 51433/1 Lloyd's Test Lon (port)

RAL/initials 13.12.84 (dale)

Fee 79.60 Expenses 1.70

Prior to the commencement of supervising the manufacture of the electrical equipment the following documentation is to be submitted for consideration: 1) description of the principle of operation and main characteristics; 2) material specification (list ol products) which is to contain elements, instruments and materials used and their technical characteristics; 3) assembly drawing with sections; 4) circuit diagram;

5) test programme; 6) mechanical rotor shaft calculations, as well as drawings of fastening of poles, magnetic circuit stackings, commutator, etc., and detailed drawings of elements welded to the shaft; 7) for distribution switchboards — calculation of thermal and electrodynamic strength of busbars under short-circuit conditions and choice of apparatus to fit these conditions where current rating of a generator or generators running in parallel exceeds 1,000 A.

The sixth class period

Listen carefully to the recorded (ext. What distinguishes these two texts?

Resistors

A

A resistor is one of the most common elements of any circuit. Resistors are used: 1) to reduce the value of current in the circuit, 2) to produce 1R voltage drop and in this way to change the value of the voltage.

When current is passing through a resistor its temperature rises high. The higher the value of current the higher is the temperature of a resistor. Each resistor has a maximum temperature to which it may be heated without a trouble. If the temperature rises higher the resistor gets open and opens the circuit.

Resistors are rated in watts, since P = EX 1 — RXRX1 = 1^2R, where P — power, is given in watts, R — resistance, is given in amperes.

If a resistor has a resistance of only 2 ohms but its current-carrying capacity equals 2,000 ampere, it is rated as a 8,000,000-W resistor.

Some resistors have a constant value — these arc fixed resistors, the value of other resistors may be varied —these are variable resistors.

В

Resistors can be grouped into three basic classes: composition type resistors, film-type resistors, and wirewound resistors. As the name implies, composition resistors are molded rods made from a powdered and electrically conductive mixtures of graphite and an inert plastic binder. Wirewound resistors consist of a wire or metallic ribbon wrapped

around a supporting ceramic form. The film-type resistor is composed of a resistive film of carbon or metal deposited on or inside an insulating cylinder.

Resistors may be either fixed or variable. Continuously variable resistors, as distinguished from adjustable types, may be either composition or wirewound types.

Now speak about some of the details concerning resistors that you know and that are provided by the texts.

42 4

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What is to be done prior to replacing faulty components and adjusting new ones? (See ex. 33).

2. What is a power cam controller?

3. How does one select controllers?

43 12

Use the following suggested topics for discussion:

1. The unit is switched on, the armature oscillates, but the striker fails to strike the cup.

2. Motor fails to start.

3. Old brushes should be replaced. New ones should be ordered.

44 7

Listen to the following text carefully. Make up as many questions as you can. Retell the text.

Electric Drives of

Anchor-Handling and Mooring Gear

The electric drives of anchor-handling and mooring gear are used to heave in the anchor and perform mooring operations.

Accordingly, they are used in windlasses, anchor and anchor-mooring capstans, mooring capstans, automatic and non-automatic mooring winches. At present most of these machines are equipped with electric drives having special characteristics which suit the operating conditions of such machines.

According to the USSR Register the power rating of an electric drive used in the anchor-handling gear must be such that the anchor chain is heaved in at a minimum speed of 0.17 m/s with the sprocket pull*, in Newtons.

* тяговое усилие на звездочке.

45 6

Listen to the dialogue and discuss the advantages of being an astronaut.

I Would Be Flying a Space-Craft Now

Mr. Fry: If I were a space pilot I’d be circling the earth now.

Mrs. Fry: I suppose you would.

Mr.: And if you were one too, we’d be going together. I’d be gathering the scientific data, and you be making tea. . .

Mrs. (with determination): No, 1 would not!

Mr: (with a sarcastic smile): And what would you be doing if I may ask? Mrs. (proudly): I would be orbiting!

Mr.: That’s a jolly good idea, and 1 suppose you'd be wearing a space suit, and not that horrible pink dress of yours!'

Mrs.: I’m pretty sure you wouldn't be looking at me anyway.

Mr. (smilingly): I don't know about that, but at any rate I wouldn’t be carrying such a heavy bag of potatoes, and even if 1 were I’d feel nothing in the state of weightlessness. Oh! If only I were an astronaut!... Mrs.: Has it occurred to you what would happen if the launching equipment went wrong? No, darling, 1 definitely don't want you to be a space pilot!

Mr.: Because you don't want to be a widow, I suppose. ..

Mrs. (icily): Because I don’t want to wash the dishes!

46 30

Home exercise, a) Read the text and find the key sentences in all the passages.

Magnetic Controllers

1. Magnetic controllers are self-contained unitized devices which ensure a definite switching sequence in power circuit when the corresponding commands are fed to the control circuits. Besides, whenever necessary, magnetic controllers can be used to effect a definite switching sequence in power circuit as a function of time or control parameters. Controllers provide the means for starting, speed control anti stopping of motors of various types.

2. Magnetic controllers are recommended for use with adjustable-speed and constant-speed motors on application requiring a large number of startings per hour, heavy starting duties and where stringent requirements have to be met as regards stoppage reliability.

3. Controllers for controlling the cage motors of deck machinery are available in splash proof design version.

4. Controllers are available in a large number of design versions to suit a-c electric drives encountered in marine service.

5. Various modifications of controllers differing in circuit arrangement are built up of standard units used in typical arrangements. Magnetic controllers are selected in accordance with the rated current. The maximum load current under the steady-state conditions must not exceed 110% of the rated current and the time during which the rated starting current oil the motor in any winding must not exceed the indicated value.

b) Find equivalents for the following Russian word-combinations: законченное комплектное устройство (1), программа переключений в силовых цепях (1), подача команд в цепи управления (1), параметры регулирования (1), электродвигатель с регулированием частоты вращения (2), тяжелые условия пуска (2), повышенные требования к надежности отключения (2), короткозамкнутые двигатели палубных механизмов (3), большое число исполнений (4), соответствовать разнообразным электроприводам (4), изготавливаются на основе типовых узлов (5), установившийся режим (5), расчетный ток включения (5). Hometask: Ex. 46. Be prepared to write a test.

Key

6 — cfhjkno; 7 — adeghjknopstuxz b' d', 8 — cegiklm; 9—1, 3, 4, 6, 8; 13—1. Я думаю, что я зашел в тупик. В данное время я не вижу никакого выхода из положения. 2. Должен признаться, что я начал не с того, с чего следует. 3. Эта

труба имеет глухой конец. 4. Какой ужасной ошибкой было действовать сгоряча, не имея ничего, кроме этого подозрения! 5. Я вам благодарен за приглашение. Я с удовольствием вспоминаю, как мы чудесно проводили время у вас.

6. Как он? — Очень угнетен, но не падает духом. 7. Он быстро уложил разную мелочь, которая не вошла в чемоданы.

8. Я должен вам сказать, что действуя таким образом, вы никогда не добьетесь своей цели. 17 — 1 used, is; 2 used, consists, contains; 3 is, consists; 4 to operate, is, be freed, driven; 5 is constructed, can become, is heated; 6 heating, tends, to release; 7 are made, added, frees, is; 8 will cease to function, coating, has been evaporated; 9 have, is heated; 10 to be useful, are emitted, must be collected, will float, return;

11 will be collected, has; 12 is connected, causing, to move, cause, to flow.

26—1. Он потребовал, чтобы они это сделали. 2. Инженер приказал закончить работу. 3. Он предложил выработать метод очистки ряда образцов. 4. Необходимо, чтобы они это сделали. 5. Желательно закончить работу. 6. Предельный ток, вероятно, будет иметь очень высокий температурный коэффициент. 7. Можно предположить, что температура и растворитель влияют на эту реакцию. 8. Во всех приведенных примерах освобождение энергии сжатия, возможно, является движущей силой перегруппировки, т. к. в каждом случае образуется менее затрудненный радикал. 32 — Electroacoustic signal devices. 39 — watt.

Test II

1

Dwell on any item of shipboard electrical equipment, its purpose, construction features, operation and maintenance (20 sentences).

2

Choose the proper translation.

The operator commonly works with ammeters, voltmeters, ohmrneters, electron-tube analyzers, watt-hour meters, power-factor meters, frequency meters and capacitance-resistance-inductance bridges, а) Оператор обычно работает с амперметрами, вольтметрами, омметрами, электронными трубками, счетчиками ватт-часов, измерителями коэффициента мощности, частотомерами, мостами для измерения емкости, сопротивления, индуктивности, б) Оператор всегда работает с амперметрами, вольтметрами, омметрами, осциллографами, счетчиками ватт-часов, измерителями косинуса ср, синхроскопами, мостами для измерения сопротивления, индуктивности, емкости, в) Оператор иногда работает с амперметрами, вольтметрами, измерителями коэффициента мощности, частотомерами, измерителями сопротивления.

3

Choose the proper translation.

Напряжение генератора переменного тока подводится к блоку автоматического регулятора напряжения через предохранители и выключатели возбуждения.

a) The generator voltage is fed to the AVR unit via circuit breakers and excited switch, b) The alternator voltage is fed to the AVR unit via

fuses and exciter switch, c) The alternator voltage is supplied to the AYR block through fuses and button switch.

4

Choose the suitable form.

Use an ammeter to measure the amount of current ... in a circuit, a) flowed; b) flowing; c) to flow.

5

Choose the suitable form.

The alternator shaft is coupled to an exciter having a stationary field winding and a rotating three-phase winding . . . to a diode bridge including transient protection.

a) connecting; b) will be connected; c) connected.

6

Choose the suitable form.

The limiting current . . . probably ... a very large temperature coefficient, a) will be having; b) is to have; c) would have.

7

Complete the sentence in such a way that it makes sense.

Counters are fully programmable that is. . .

a) count input is pulsed while the other count input is high;

b) each output may be preset to either level by entering the desired data at the data inputs while the load input is low;

c) the output will change to agree with data inputs independently of the count pulses.

8

Complete the sentence in such a way that it makes sense, the order for delivery of a magnetic controller must contain the following information: a) application, class of protection, type, rated current, number of startings per hour, operating duty, electric wear resistance level, control circuit voltage, settings of thermal protection relays; b) application, type, voltage, rated current, operating duty, vitrified resistors, settings of the thermal protection relays; c) type, protection relays, provision of a built-in disk brake, design version, number of free ends of the shaft, set number, provision of a spares set. [4] [5] [6]

SHIPBOARD AUTOMATION

SECTION

(4+1+4)

Alarm Measuring System

The first class period

15

13

Review of “Shipboard Electrical Equipment”. Topical content: Alarm measuring system. Grammar item: English Syntax.

Text

Alarm Measuring System

1. The electronic and alarm measuring systems are designed for centralized supervision of processes on board ships. -

2. Such systems are designed to meet the special requirements in marine applications.

3. The design of the alarm systems comprises a limited number of standard modules, and offers an economical and flexible solution for all system sizes — from small alarm systems with a few channels, to complex systems with data logging and alarm print-out functions.

4. The signals from analog and digital transducers are processed in the system and allow for simple and clear monitoring of process activities. The occurrance of abnormal conditions initiates audible and visual alarm signals.

5. Temperatures, pressures, levels, etc. are sensed by the analog transducers and are represented on a digital display.

6. Some further important advantages of the electronic alarm system arc:

— All transducer signals are individually processed, i. e. by one circuit board per measuring and alarm channel. If one of the channels should fail, the rest of the system will remain uneffected.

— Data for each channel, time delay, alarm group, scale gaud number of decimals, are set by programming on each circuit board.

— If necessary the system layout can be modified by the customer, by moving the transducer connections, the corresponding circuit board and the transparent legend plate, without the need for taking the programming into consideration.

— Each channel can be equipped with separate lamps for alarm indication on mimic diagrams and analog instruments, for continuous presentation of the measured values.

Exercises

1

Look through the text and list the advantages of the electronic alarm system.

6

2

Read the passages containing the information on:

a) the purpose of the system;

b) its construction features;

c) its operation and advantages of the system.

Read the text paying attention to the word order of English sentences.

The second class period 4

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read paying attention to their Russian equivalents.

time delay alarm group

scale and number of decimals

system layout to modify customer

transducer connection transparent legend plate alarm indication mimic diagram analog instrument

continuous presentation

5

Read the text carefully. Use ex. 4.

alarm measuring system

process

to process

marine application

data logging

alarm print-out function

digital transducer

simple and clear monitoring of

process activities

to initiate

audible

to sense

circuit board

one circuit board per measuring and alarm channel

12

them by yourself

— система аварийной сигнализации и измерения

— технологический процесс

— обрабатывать

— морское исполнение

— регистрация данных

— печать аварийных параметров в случае аварии

— дискретный датчик, цифровой преобразователь

— простое и четкое управление протекающими процессами

— выдавать

— звуковой

— измерять, чувствовать

— печатная плата

— на каждый капал измерения и аварийной сигнализации имеется отдельная электронная плата

— выдержка времени

— групповой сигнал аварии

— масштаб и число цифр при десятичном измерении

— компоновка системы

— изменять

— потребитель

— подсоединение датчика

— прозрачный

— плата указательных табличек

— сигнал аварии

— мнемосхема

— аналоговый, т. е. стрелочный измерительный прибор

— непрерывная индикация

10

1

6

Read the words and point out those of the text:

a) consume;

b) efficiently; c) alarm;

d) process; e) capacity; f) transducer; g) digital; h) couple; i) initiate; j) elimination; k) delay; 1) layout; m) presetting; n) trigger; o) customer; p) set.

Read the words, point out those which deal with the topic “Construction Features and the Purpose of the Electronic Alarm System” and write them out.

g) to meet

h) to process

i) to remain

j) uneffected

k) delay

l) marine

c) ship

a) alarm d) few

b) rest e) to fail

f) design

u) flexible

m) supervision v) solution

n) plate w) uneffected

o) mimic x) limited

p) requirement y) complex

q) application z) layout

r) resistance a') size

s) decimal b') to modify

t) considerationc/) transducer

d') continuous

8 2

Read the word-combinations and point out those with attributive meaning:

a) measuring systems; b) are designed for; c) supervision of process;

d) marine application; e) as regards function; f) monitoring of activities; g) occurrance of conditions; h) signals are processed; i) one board for measuring; j) are set by programming; k) time delay; 1) number of decimals; m) transducer connection; n) for taking the programming; o) can be equipped with.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out numbers of those which deal with the topic “Alarm Measuring System".

1. Such system is designed for centralized supervision of processes on board ship. 2. It is now quite practicable for the small hydroelectric set or the diesel or gas turbine generator to be started up, synchronized and brought on load under automatic control from some remote point. 3. Temperatures, pressures, levels, etc. are sensed by the analog transducers and are represented on a digital display. 4. Bridge control of the main propulsion machinery is often fitted to relieve the man in the control room, or engine room, from the necessity of remaining at all times at the central control station. 5. The design of the alarm systems comprises a limited number of standard modules, and offers an economical and flexible solution for all system sizes.

10 25

Home exercise. Read some information on syntax with the purpose of the correct translation of sentences into Russian.

ПСД

оостоятельетво

t t

определение

Английский язык

1. Твердый порядок слов в утвердительном предложении: под-лежащее+сказуемое+дополнение (ПСД)

Схема расположения:

(обстоятельство |--

t

Русский язык

Твердый порядок слов не обязателен.

2. Подлежащее

Е. g. This chapter describes the use of new compounds.

3. Подлежащее+глагол (to give, rise, lead to, result in, deal with, form, produce, yield, bring about). E. g. It was found that other derivatives did not result in higher yields.

4. Подлежащее, выраженное инфинитивом или герундием.

Е. g. То observe safety rules is of the foremost importance.

5. Формальное подлежащее there.

E. g. There is much evidence for this view point.

6. Глагол в страдательном залоге.

Е. g. Since conductivity is little influenced by the surface conditions of a metal, it will not be discussed in further detail here.

7. Неопределенно-личное место-имение one (иногда he) в функции подлежащего, дополнения или определения.

Е. g. One may he left with choice.

Может переводиться обстоятельством. Прим е р. В этой главе описывается использование новых соединений.

Обстоятельство.

Пример. Выяснилось, что на базе других производных нельзя получить более высокие выходы. Существительное.

Пример. Соблюдение правил безопасности имеет первостепенное значение.

Используются глаголы типа «иметься», «присутствовать», «существовать», «надо», («следует»). Пример. В пользу этой точки зрения существует много данных. Может быть выражен глаголом в действительном залоге.

Пример. Так как условия поверхности металла почти не влияют на проводимость, здесь мы не будем обсуждать это более полно.

IIеоп р еделон и о-ли ч ное п р едло-

жснпс.

Пример. Можно оказаться перед выбором.

Now read the text again and determine in every sentence subject, predicate, object (ПСД) and attribute (if any). [7] [8]

Read the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “sense”.

1. What are you doing? It does not make sense. 2. Listen to him. He is talking sense. 3. Common sense tells that trouble must be here. But I can't trace it as yet. 4. It's high time for her to come to her senses. She is quite well bv now.

14 6

Read the text and explain the different functions of Participle II. Retell the text in Russian.

15 20

Home exercise. Sec ex. 15, Unit 1.

25

16

Home exercise. Find equivalents to the following Russian word-combinations. Make up as many questions on the text as you can. Retell the text.

Пульт центрального поста управления (1); специальный шкаф (1); модуль измерения и аварийной сигнализации (1); селекторный модуль (1); панель, устанавливаемая в каютах и в кают-компаниях (1); блок питания (1); центральный блок для регистрации параметров и печати аварийных значений параметров (1); листовая сталь (2); вентиляционные отверстия (2); внутренние электрические соединения (2); печатная плата, устанавливаемая сзади (2); матричная плата (2); гибкий кабель (2); стабилизация питающего напряжения на электронные компоненты (2); шина системы (2); внутреннее соединение (2); сигналы о состоянии параметров процесса (2); силовое питание (2); на задней стенке модуля (2); клеммная плата (2).

Modules of Alarm Measuring System

1. The typical electronic system comprises modules which arc designed for mounting in the control room desk or in a cabinet front. Here are standard modules: alarm measuring module, display module, selector module, bridge panel, cabin and mess panel, power distribution unit, central unit for data logging and alarm print-out.

2. These modules are identical in electrical and mechanical design. The modules are made of sheet steel and are provided with ventilation holes. The internal wiring is provided with a printed circuit backplate, i. e. the “mother board”, and ribbon cable. The front can be removed, and the electric boards can be inserted from the front. Each module has a circuit board for stabilizing the supply voltage to the electronics. The modules are interconnected by ribbon cable — the system bus — used for internal communication in the system. Process signals and the power supply are connected to terminals at the rear of the module on the terminal board. Hornetask\ Ex. 10, 15, 16.

The third class period

17 6

Listen to the following definitions and explanations and then explain them to your fellow-student. Record your dialogue on a tape.

1. Alarm system is the system intended to give warning signal in abnormal conditions which may develop in the controlled machinery and as-

sociated automatic systems. 2. Automatic system is a definite number of components which form structural and functional integrity, intended to perform control and monitoring functions. 3. Automatic control system is the system intended to control the machinery without human interference and according to the specified control function. 4. Automated machinery is an engine, machinery installation or other device equipped with automatic or remote control systems.

18 3

Fulfil the following:

1. Name as many advantages of the alarm measuring system as possible.

2. Describe the construction of the alarm system.

3. Name the modules of the alarm measuring system.

4

19

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What are the electronic and alarm measuring systems designed for?

2. What standard modules does the electronic alarm system comprise?

3. What are modules provided with?

20 5

Dwell with your fellow-student on the electronic alarm system. Use ex. 16, 17, 18, 19. Then record your talk on a tape.

21 9

Practice pronunciation. Open your books and repeat after the speaker in pauses 4 paragraphs of the recorded text "Alarm Measuring System". Then close your books and do the same with paragraphs 5, 6.

22 6

Listen to the text about convertors. Ask each other questions covering the text. Use Fig. 6.

Presentation. The convertors in dc drive systems are designed to control and supply separately-excited dc machines in applications that demand rapid response, high accuracy and great reliability.

b)

+

n,U

1

.Ш

M,I

U 4\

ft ft

0

n,U

I

Ш

nr

U,I

convertor

Fig. 6:

и — single convertor; b — double

The convertors are available with single-convertor arrangement and in double-convertor arrangement,

Single convertors. In a single convertor the thyristor's are arranged in a six-pulse two-way circuit (see Fig. 6,a).

A single convertor can supply current in one direction only, but its output voltage can change polarity. This determines the rotation and torque direction characteristics of the machine, as illustrated in Fig. 6,a.

The single convertor can operate in the first and fourth quadrants. The direction of torque can only be changed by reversing the field current of the machine.

Double convertors. In a double convertor there are two sets of thyristors connected in antiparallel (see Fig. 6,b). Both current and voltage can change sign, and the machine can be braked and reversed without additional equipment; this is known as four-quadrant drive.

23 4

- What is wrong with the computer?

An Electronic Computer

As you know, electronic computers can solve intricate mathematical problems, answer complicated questions, translate articles into a foreign language and what not!

One day Field Marshal Montgomery was given a computer. That unexpected help from the War Office greatly pleased him. It took him about 10 minutes to set the problem. It went something like this: — “The enemy has just opened fire from the South. 12 German tanks have just been sighted on top of the hill in front of our lines.. . Two German planes have been shot down...” And finally came the question: — “Should I attack or withdraw?”

At last came the answer: “Yes”. — “Yes, what?!”

Half an hour later came the next answer: — “Yes, Sir”.

24 7

Listen carefully to the recorded texts. Choose a suitable title for each of them. Give reasons for your choice. Speak on some of the details of automatic control that you know and that are provided by the texts.

A

An automatic control system is defined as one “in which the value of a controlled condition is compared with a desired value and corrective motion is taken dependent on the deviation, without the inclusion of a human element in the closed loop formed by the comparing and correcting chains of elements”.

An automation control system thus includes: the plant, the detecting or sensing element, the measuring or indicating element, the controller.

В

Automatic control is now recognized by all industrial organizations as being an essential aid to efficient plant operation. The widespread use of automation control in these industries provides the most convincing proof that it is profitable investment.

The advantages from the application of automatic controls in ships are: a) improved conditions for the seagoing staff by transferring much of the “donkey work” from manual operation to automatic operation;

b) savings due to more efficient use of seagoing staff by transfer from watchkeeping to day work; c) saving in maintenance costs.

31

f) Заказ № 8f>!

The fourth class period 25

Listen to paragraphs 1—4, read sentence by sentence and translate them orally in pauses.

26 8

Respond to the questions. Compare the results with the text.

1. What are the electronic and alarm measuring systems designed for?

2. What are in your opinion advantages of the electronic alarm system?

3. How can you tell when there is the occurrence of abnormal conditions?

4. What is the design of the standard modules?

27 6

Dwell on the alarm measuring systems with your fellow-student.

28 1

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The signals from analog and digital . . . are processed in the system.

2. If necessary, the system . . . can easily be modified by the customer.

3. The electronic and alarm measuring systems are designed for centralized ... of processes on board ship.

29 3

Using the notes below speak on the advantages оГ the electronic alarm system.

1. all, transducer, signal, to process, individual, one, circuit board, measure, alarm, channel. 2. one, channel, fail, rest, system, remain, uneffected. 3. necessary, system, layout, easy, modify, customer, move, transducer, connection, correspond, circuit board, transparent, legend plate, to need, take, program, consideration. 4. channel, equip, separate, lamp, alarm, indication, mimic, analog, instrument, presentation, to measure, value.

30 4

Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1. The electronic and alarm measuring systems arc designed to meet...

2. The signals from analog and digital transducers arc processed in the

system and allow for. . . 3. The design of the aiarm systems comprises a limited number of standard modules, and offers. . . 4. All transducer

signals are individually processed, i. e. . . .

31 5

Give the exact translation to the following definitions and explanations.

Component of automatic systems is the simplest and functionally selfdependent structural item used in automatic systems (e.g. relay, resistor, logic element, sensor, final control element).

Environmental strain is environmental factor which is assumed to have deteriorating influence upon the equipment.

Indicating system is the system intended to indicate values of given physical quantities and significant states.

Monitoring system is the general term for alarm, safety and indicating systems.

Reliability is probability of satisfactory functioning in a given period and under predetermined conditions,

Dwell on the above definitions of automatic systems with your fellow-student.

10

33

Read the text. Write a summary in English. Dwell on the nuclear ships with your fellow-students.

Safe Operation of Nuclear Ships

Ice-breakers and ice-classed transport ships are very important in the Soviet merchant fleet due to the geographical position of the USSR. Over the past 20 years, in the Western Arctic sector alone, the volume of shipping has increased eleven-fold, and the navigation season from 90 to 330 days. This results in the first place from a 2.7-fold increase in the ice-breaker fleet power and a 3.7-fold increase of its utilization factor. Why nuclear?

Many years of experience show that for ice-breakers decisive factors are power and endurance. To achieve both, nuclear power plants were indicated.

The Soviet nuclear ice-breakers have, in fact, an unlimited range and endurance of 500 to 700 days. The endurance of conventional icebreakers does not exceed 50 days.

The operational life of Soviet atomic ice-breakers and thus nuclear reactors falls in two stages: the early “Lenin”, built with an experimental nuclear steam-generating plant of the first generation; and the others of the later “Lenin", “Arktika” and “Sibir" with nuclear plants of the second generation.

34 40

Home exercise. Read the text, point out in English in written form what main themes are dwelt upon. Be prepared to dwell on the themes with your fellow-student.

Modules of Alarm Measuring- System

Alarm and measuring modules. They are designed with space for several analog or on/off channel boards. In front of each channel is a transparent legend plate on which the name of the channel is engraved, and a push-button for visual alarm acknowledgement and manual measuring.

The channel boards, which can be located in these modules according to the customer's requirements, are:

1. On/off alarm board, for adapting the on/off transducer signals.

2. Analog channel board, for adapting the analog transducer signal.

3. Average board, for calculation of mean values.

4. Group alarm board, for generation of group alarm signals.

5. Blocking board, for adapting the blocking transducer signals of internal blocking signals.

Display module. It is designated for presentation of analog values on a digital display. Two switches are mounted in the front, and these can be used to determine whether the measured value or one of the set limits is to be displayed when measuring.

Apart from the electronics for interfacing the display, the module includes circuits for generating start signals to the sirens and the rotating lights. The front is equipped with a push button for audible alarm acknowledgement

Selector module. It is used for the selection of the engine room status, attended or unattended, and an engineer on duty. The module is equipped with one circuit board per engineer, and switches and indicating lamps in the front. The unit also provides call of the engineers.

Central unit. Systems with alarm print-out or data logging include the central unit. The control unit is connected to the system via the system bus.

Such systems are programmable bus-oriented electronic systems comprising a number of standard units. The functions in the system are controlled from a central processing unit based on a microcomputer. The functions are determined by a program — the system software — stored on a PROM semi-conductor memory. In addition to the basic functions of the central unit the use of the microcomputer and software make such alarm systems easily expandable to more complex functions.

Typical optional functions available are: presentation of process data on a display, telex transmission of measured values, trend analyses, condition monitoring of the machinery.

The central unit is fitted in a cubicle. The front of the cubicle includes the printer for alarm print-out.

35 . 20

Home exercise. Check vour reading skills. See ex. 32, Section 1, Unit 2.

Data Logging

The data logging function is controlled from the control unit. The measured values are printed out at regular intervals, e. g. every four hours, or by depressing the print-out button.

The central unit addresses the measuring channels with a binary code via the system bus. The address is decoded in each module and one channel is addressed. Signal connections to the system bus, scaling and conversion, are carried out in the same way as during manual measuring. However, the display is extinguished. The central unit receives the measured value in code and the information on the number of decimals, processes the input signals and controls the typewriter, where the measured values are printed out. The data and time are recorded on each print-out. Fill in the blanks:

1. The data logging function is controlled... a) at regular intervals;

b) from the control unit; c) by depressing the print-out button.

2. Signal connection to the system bus, scaling and convertion are carried out in the same way. . . a) the central unit receives the measured value; b) the measured values are printed out; c) as during manual measuring.

3. The address ... in each module and one channel is addressed, a) is decoded; b) is printed out; c) processes.

Now record your time and results.

Homeiask: Ex. 34, 35.

The fifth class period

Review of “Alarm Measuring Systems”. Nouns. 10

36 5

Dwell on the electronic alarm measuring system and its modules with your fellow-student.

37 . 3

Give Russian equivalents for the following English word-combinations:

measuring part, alarm part, analog transducer, the transducer output, the input signal, voltage level, system bus, display unit, channel board, an electron tube, air pressure, the operation principle communication service, human interference, control function, safety rules, data logging, control unit, signal connection, print-out button.

38 4

Give English equivalents for the following Russian word-combinations. See ex. 34.

Модуль измерения и выдачи сигнала «авария»; аналоговые и дискретные каналы; указательная табличка; кнопка для подачи сигнала, что сигнал аварии визуально принят; проверка аварийной сигнализации; для обработки сигналов аналоговых датчиков; плата средних значений; выработка запускающих сигналов сирены; звуковой сигнал аварии услышан (принят).

39 10

Give Russian equivalents for the following English noun groups.

a) Model: a tram stop — трамвайная остановка

a metal part, the laboratory instrument, an electron tube, the temperature scale, machine language, production technology, the river basin, a light signal, a transducer signal, a system layout.

b) Model: air pressure ■— давление воздуха

air temperature, the electrode material, an electron source, radiation time, communication service, an experiment programme, the machine elements, an aggregate capacity, a wave length.

40 20

Home exercise. Give Russian equivalents for the following English Noun groups (mind figures);

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 an ionization effect, the radiation intensity, the w'ater level, the reactor 1 2 1 2 J 1 2 1 size, the operation principle, the motor construction, the steam molecules, 2 1 2 1 the gas temperature, the metal structure.

b) this engineer’s design, these engineers’ work, the ship's engines, fifteen kilometers’ walk, a year’s operation, the worker’s tools, the tools of the worker, discussion of the nature of the main elements, the temperature of the vapor of the block, iron bridge, a payment agreement, tin trade, pig iron production, home market prices, meat price decrease, cold weather operation of the machine, power supply, inlet pressure, bend resistance, a thirty page booklet, analog computers, scientific weather observations, a-c transformers, transmission line performance, iron group metals.

41 13

Text for rendering and discussion.

Safe Operation of Nuclear Ships

Experience. The first stage was difficult because of lack of experience in the technical operation of marine nuclear reactors as such, and even more of nuclcar-powered ships.

Major conclusions drawn after the first period of trial operation were that nuclear power plant is reliable in operation, provides for easy

passing through transient conditions from any power range and gives ice-breakers good manoeuvrability.

The system of a nuclear power guarantees safe charging of power output when energy reactor protection is activated, or when pieces of equipment are out of order.

Biological shielding and other design elements are reliable guards for personnel and environment.

Endurance of 210 days with one charge of fuel was confirmed. At the same time, several shortcomings of the first nuclear steam-generating plant were revealed.

Major equipment had a short service life.

Certain elements of equipment had poor maintainability in the central compartment which was imperfectly designed for radioactive decontamination.

The great number of steeled joints in the primary coolant circuit reduced its reliability, caused temporary reactor shutdowns and contributed to the formation of liquid radioactive wastes.

The systems of electric power supply, control and automation also required improvement.

The short service life of major equipment, such as steam generators, the primary circuit gate valve, etc., a high cost of dismantling/mounting of radioactive equipment were major handicaps to the success of nuclear power.

Solutions included the design of special equipment for the repair and reloading of reactors; and the collection and utilization of radioactive wastes.

42

20

Home exercise. Read the text and after each sentence write the number of logical units. Point out main and subordinate clauses, their subjects, predicates and objects.

Operation of Alarm Measuring Systems

Measuring systems. Analog transducers which sense temperatures, pressures, etc., in the process arc connected to the system. The transducer output may be current, voltage or resistance. The input signal is filtered and normalized to a defined voltage level in the system.

The normalized measured value is connected across the system bus to the display unit when the push-button for manual measuring in the front of a module is depressed. The signal is scaled to its correct value before A/D conversion and presentation on the digital display with the correct number of decimals.

Information concerning scaling factor and number of decimals is programmed on each channel board, and is connected to the system bus at the same time as the measured value. It is possible to program eight different factors with a 3-bit binary code, and the number of decimals can be 0, 1 or 2.

The display is normally dark and is only lit up when a push-button for manual measuring has been depressed, the displayed value will follow the fluctuations of the signal. When the push-button is released, the value will remain unchanged for about five seconds.

Honieiask: Ex. 40, 42.

Key

6 — cdfgiko; 7 — acfghlmpqrtuvxya' e'; 24 — A automatic control, В application of control; 35— lb, 2c, 3a.

Text

Power Plant Control System. Design

1. The system comprises the following units: basic unit, synchronizing and load sharing unit, additional monitoring unit, central units, relay unit, transformer unit, relay unit for controlled loads.

2. The electronic units consist of identical boxes furnished with different electronic boards and fronts. The boxes are made of sheet steel and provided with ventilation holes. A printed circuit board, the “mother board’’, constitutes the internal wiring and is connected to the terminal board by a flexible ribbon cable. Together, these two boards form the rear of the box. Some programming is performed by jumpers on the mother board.

The terminal board has two rows each with 33 terminals foe, external connections.

3. The electronic boards are inserted from the front of the box. All indi- 4 eating lamps and push-buttons are mounted on the boards and the front plate contains corresponding lamp glasses with engraved text.

4. The maximum number of different electronic boards is seven and every ' board has a distinct limitation of functions. This implies that any faults

can easily be corrected and few spare parts are required.

5. The relay and transformer units are built up in 19 inch standard racks and function as interface and output stages between the electronics and the peripheral equipment.

6. The basic units, the additional monitoring units and the central unit shall be applied from a 24 V battery, while the synchronizing and load sharing units are to be supplied from the generators via the transformer units.

7. The system can be adapted to different types of engines, generators and other relevant equipment.

Exercises

1 7

Look through the text and write a summary about supply of power plant control system units.

2 3

Read the passages containing the information on:

a) boxes and boards of the electronic units (2);

b) the maximum number of different electronic boards and the reason for it (4);

c) application of the system (6).

Read the text paying attention to Participle II.

4 4

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself paying attention to their Russian equivalents.

relevant

5

Read the text carefully. Use ex. 4.

6

basic unit

synchronizing and load sharing unit

monitoring unit

relay unit for controlled loads

to furnish front

ventilation hole mother board terminal board flexible ribbon cable rear jumper lamp glass engraved text rack

as interface and output stage

— главный блок (устройство)

—блок (устройство) синхронизации и распределения нагрузки

— блок управления

— блок реле для контролируемых нагрузок

— снабжать

— передняя (панель)

— вентиляционное отверстие

— основная соединительная плата

— клеммная плата

— гибкий ленточный кабель

— задняя (панель)

— перемычка

— табло

— выгравированный текст

— стойка

— в качестве интерфейса (устройства сопряжения) и выходной ступени

- уместный, относящийся (к)

6 1

Read the words and point out those of the text:

a) design;

b) rear; c) plug;

d) switch; e) jumper; f) data; g) rack; h) extend; i) install; j) digital; k) furnish; I) modify; m) busbar; n) amplifier; o) alarm.

The second class period

7 3

Read the

words.

point out those

which deal with

the

topic “Boxes

and Boards of the Electronic Units”.

n)

relevant

m)

flexible

v)

constitute

g) provide

n)

generator

w)

connection

c)

stage

h) adapt

o)

jumper

>0

mount

a)

unit

d)

relay

i) printed

p)

rear

y)

comprise

b)

box

e)

sheet

j) circuit

q)

ribbon

z)

engraved

f)

hole

k) different

r)

equipment

a')

push-button

1) terminal

s)

perform

b')

adapt

t)

row

c')

distinct

d')

fault

Read the word-combinations and point out those with prepositions. Give their Russian equivalents:

a) comprises the following units; b) relay units for controlled loads;

c) consist of; d) furnished with; e) boards and fronts; f) are made of sheet steel; g) provided with ventilation holes; h) is connected to the terminal board by a flexible cable; i) together these two boards; j) form the rear of the box; k) to perform by jumpers; 1) on the mother board; m) two rows each with terminals; n) for external connections; o) to insert from the front of the box; p) while units are to be supplied.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out those which deal with the topic “Supply of the Power Control System Units”.

1. The electronic units consist of identical boxes furnished with different electronic boards and fronts. 2. A printed circuit board and the terminal board form the rear of the box. 3. The basic units, the additional monitoring units and the central unit shall be supplied from a 24 V battery. 4. The relay and transformer units are built up in 19 inch standard racks. 5. The synchronizing and load sharing units are to be supplied from the generators via the transformer units. 6. The front plate contains corresponding lamp glasses with engraved text.

10 15

Hume exercise. Translate these sentences.

1. The properties of these compounds vary with the nitrogen. 2. With finer packing the pressure drop increases and the throughout decreases.

3. The steel industry is widely distributed over the country. 4. This method is favoured slightly over that one. 5. Balancing is done by adjusting the position of rods. 6. These substances differ in being mirror images. 7. The scale is so short that the relative error in reading the deflection becomes appriciable. 8. At this point the material under examination is fed. 9. This discovery was made in 1895, although it was not recognized until 20 years later. 10. We obtained these values in terms of the following formula. 11. Hydrogen was substituted by oxygen. 12. Hydrogen was substituted for oxygen.

11 2

Read the words. Point out prepositions and adverbs. Give their Russian equivalents:

a) hitherto; b) now; c) since; d) with; e) to; f) already; g) never;

h) after; i) before; j) then; k) recently; 1) in; m) from; n) about;

o) immediately; p) exclusively; q) between; r) under; s) unfortunately; t) apparently; u) against; v) again; w) toward; x) backwards; y) however; z) nevertheless.

12 4

Read the word-combinations and point out prepositional and adverbial ones. Give their Russian equivalents:

a) a view of; b) units with; c) in fact; d) on the other hand; e) vary from; f) tend forwards; g) suitable for; h) have previously given reasons; i) has been generally assumed; j) send for; k) rub against; 1) have only recently been reported; m) have long been known; n) satisfied with; o) rely upon; p) prior to; q) obey a Curie law quite closely; r) are

closely related; s) have never been satisfactorily explained; t) be a success; u) with a glance to; v) be of a certain nature; w) to a great extent; x) over a certain range of flow rates; y) not until later; z) in terms of.

13 4

Give Russian equivalents for the following word-combinations: the established fact, the results achieved are important, the article translated by him, the data obtained are widely used, spoke of the results obtained.

Translate these sentences.

1. Some of the materials found in the earth crust are very important.

2. Some of the materials found are very important. 3. The fibres produced by our shop are of high quality. 4. The fibres produced are of high quality. 5. The methods improved by the workers brought good results.

6. The methods improved brought good results. 7. The phenomenon discovered by Petrov was named “the electric arc”. 8. The phenomenon discovered was of great importance for the development of science.

14 8

of “-ing” forms. 25

14

Read the text and explain the different functions Retell the text in Russian.

15

Home exercise. See ex. 15, Unit 1.

16

Read the text. Write its main points. Dwell on the subject of the text with your fellow-student.

Micro-Electronics — its Effect on Future Ship Operation

Ship operation could change considerably in the future as a result of the increasing introduction of micro-processor controlled machinery and equipment. Working practices, training, bridge and machinery space layouts will alter. Although few problems remain to be solved at the present state of development, as automation increases, the relationship between controls, machinery and ship design will be more closely linked, resulting in the need for a much more integrated approach to ship design.

Over the past five years a comprehensive programme of research and development aimed at introducing micro-electronics into merchant ship operation has been carried out. Initially, the work consisted of a design study for a highly-automated petroleum products tanker together with a preliminary attempt to evaluate micro-processor technology in a range of marine applications.

Following this, further evaluation of micro-electronics technology resulted in the design and construction of an advanced cargo control station for a liquid bulk carrier. This incorporates a wide range of microelectronics hardware systems which will be increasingly used for the surveillance and control of machinery and of cargo operations.

Microcomputers are currently undergoing shipboard trials and there is continuous feedback on their performance and reliability.

A Code of Practice has now been prepared which will form the basis for the installation of future micro-electronics equipment on board merchant ships.

Home exercise. Translate the following:

1) The translated text, the heated metal, the changed metal, the well-equipped laboratory, the discovered phenomenon, the adopted resolution, the predicted results, the transmitted signal.

2) The device tested is ... , the material formed possessed. . . , the liquids mixed were. . . , the discovery mentioned received. . . , the data obtained are. . . , the results predicted proved. . . , the method developed is. . . .

3) 1. The data obtained are in a good conformity with the predicted results. 2. This device was used for amplification of current waves. 3. The electricians improved their work with the help of the new tools. 4. The improved methods of work brought good results. 5. The modern machines received by the plant will help to increase labour productivity. 6. The new modern machines will soon be received by our shop. 7. The Soviet scientists developed the theory of atomic structure of the main minerals.

8. The technology developed by them is under consideration.

18 20

Home exercise. Read the text. Make up a plan and be prepared to retell it.

Power Plant Control System Operation of Central Unit

Adjustable level detectors determine at which busbar load a generator shall start or stop. According to the starting sequence, selected with push-buttons at the front, start and stop orders are distributed to the basic units. These orders are delayed one minute in order to prevent actions by temporary load variations. The delay will be bypassed when a fault occurs on a running set, overload is detected or a controlled load is required.

The unit also determines whether or not the number of connected sets is sufficient to cover the required load under normal conditions. In this case a signal to the units will permit a set with a non-critical fault to be disconnected and stopped. This signal will also permit a requested controlled load to be connected.

The unit provides the heavy load control function. When a controlled load is requested by an external closing contact, a simulated load will be added to the real load and this may result in the starting of a new set. When enough power is available, permission will be given to connect. Eight loads can be controlled, programmable from 20% to 160% of a generator capacity. The connection order is given at 2 s intervals for each 1 pad. After black-out a delay of 30 s will prevent the connection of these loads from interfering with the connection of essential consumers.

At the request of a controlled load a corresponding lamp at the front starts flashing until the load is ordered to be connected and then it changes to steady light. The lamp remains lit and the control output activated until the request contact is opened.

Hometask: Ex. 10, 15, 17, 18.

The third class period

19 4

Listen to the text about operation of internal monitoring of power plant control system. Give it free translation.

Internal Monitoring

A speciality of the system is the internal monitoring feature which indicates abnormal conditions such as interruption, earth fault or malfunction of certain connected devices.

An internal failure will be indicated by the lamp of the unit containing the detection circuits for that particular fault. Further indication is given by light emitting diodes, visible when the front plate is removed.

The basic unit and the additional monitoring unit each have one contact, opening at internal alarm state. Synchronizing/load sharing unit and relay unit are connected to the basic unit in order to affect this contact.

20 4

Fulfil the following:

1. Name the units of the power plant control system (7).

2. Name the maximum number of different electronic boards. Give the reasons of it.

3. Name the functions of the basic unit.

21 5

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What is meant by the “mother board”?

2. What is the marine application of the power plant control system?

3. What is the operation of the central unit?

Listen to the text, dwell on its subject with your fellow-student and then record your dialogue on a tape.

Control Systems. General Requirements

1. Automated machinery provided with automatic or remote control system, as well as, to the necessary extent, with monitoring systems, is in addition to be provided with means of local control.

In each case of failure in automatic or remote control systems, the possibility of local control is to be maintained.

2. Where machinery or installation is remotely controlled, it should be possible for the operator to check, with sufficient reliance, from his control station whether his command has been carried out by remote control system.

3. Each automatic or remote control system is to prevent the automatic restart of controlled machinery after its stopping by the safety or by emergency manual stop. Restart should be possible after manual reset.

4. Where machinery space of the ship is to be continuously fittended by one person, the extent of the necessary remote or automatic control will be specially in view of the location of the control station and manning routine of machinery, as well as their service requirements.

Translate these word-combinations:

a) the remaining wastes; b) the wastes remaining in the end; c) the isolated product; d) the articles published by. . . ; e) increase with increasing size of the atoms concerned; f) discover differing ratios; g) increased solids contents decreased; h) led to the modified and improved synthesis; i) a heated mixture gave approximately; j) increased inductive power affects the electron bonds; k) with decreased water content.

The fourth class period

26 4

Translate the following:

1. The results achieved are very important. 2. The methods improved by the workers brought good results. 3. The methods improved brought good results. 4. The data obtained are in a good conformity with the predicted results. 5. The technology developed by them is under consideration. 6. The well-equipped laboratory; the predicted results; the discovery mentioned received; the data obtained; increase with increasing-size of the atoms concerned; with decreased water content; increased solids contents decreased.

27 5

Listen to paragraphs 1—4, read sentence by sentence and translate them orallv in pauses.

28 4

Respond to the questions. Compare the results with the text.

1. What units does the power plant control system comprise of?

2. What are in your opinion the specific features in the design of the system?

3. What is meant by the “mother board”?

4. Did you see such a system? If yes, where did you see it?

6

29

Dwell on power plant control system, its design and operation with your fellow-student.

2

30

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The electronic ... consist of identical boxes ... with different electronic . . . and fronts. 2. The boxes are made of . . . steel and . . . with ventilation holes. 3. A printed . . . board, the “mother board”, constitutes the . . . wiring and is ... to the terminal board by a . . . ribbon cable.

4. Together, these two .. . form the rear of the .. . 5. Some programming is ... by ... on the mother board. 6. The ... board has two rows each with 33 terminals for . . . connections.

31 6

Using the notes below speak on the boxes of the electronic units.

1. unit, consist, box, furnish, different, board, front. 2. box, make, sheet, provide, hole. 3. print, circuit, flexible, ribbon. 4. two, board, to form, rear. 5. program, perform, jumper, mother. 6. terminal, have, row, each, external, connection. 7. electronic, insert, front, box. 8. mount, indicate, lamp, push button, board, front, plate, contain, correspond, lamp glasses, engrave,

Complete the following sentences.

1. The maximum number of different electronic boards is seven and every board has a. . . 2. This implies that anv fault can easily be. . .

3. The relay and transformer units are built up in 19 inch standard racks and function as... 4. The basic units, the additional monitoring units and the central unit shall be supplied from a 24 V battery, while. . .

5. The system can be adapted to different types of. . .

33 5

Work in pairs. With a piece of chalk (pencil) explain the design of the power plant control system to your fellow-student.

34 2

What device is described in this text?

It is made up of a convertor module and a contactor unit. The contactor unit includes a main contactor, an auxiliary contactor and an auxiliary supply transformer to power and operate contactors and cooling-fans.

They can be supplied both connected together in an enclosure, or in the form of separate units without enclosure. Enclosed systems are supplied with an instrument unit, the basic version of which is fitted with the following controls: on, off, trip reset, alarm reset.

Say some words about thyristor convertors.

35 4

Translate at sight.

Part I. Convertor Module

Convertor module is used in all systems. It is also available as a non-enclosed function module for the current range 40—1400 A.

The convertor module is a complete unit which has been tested for correct operation. It is made up of thyristor unit and convertor control

Fig 7. Converlor module

equipment. The convertor control equipment, in other words the electronic control circuits, consists of circuit boards mounted on a hinged panel. On convertor module 40—400 A the panel is supplied fixed in position; for the 650—1400 A module it is supplied separately.

The convertor control equipment is located on the inside of the panel. The permanent basic functions are grouped on one circuit board, known as the mother board. A number of optional functions in the form of small circuit boards can be connected to this mother board.

36 20

Home exercise. Write the exact translation of the second part of the text above. Be prepared to dwell on convertor module using Pig. 7.

Part II

Mounted on the outside of the. hinged panel is drive control cquip-

merit. The sub-functions are in the form of circuit boards connected to a mother board which provides all the internal connections between the sub-functions. Drive control equipment communicates with the convertor control equipment via a flat cable.

A convertor module can be fitted with all the options available for the convertor control equipment and the drive control equipment.

N. B. The open-core transformer for earth fault protection is supplied as a separate unit.

For supply voltages up to and including 500 V, the primary voltage of the auxiliary supply transformer is the same as the supply voltage of the convertor module. Where the supply voltage is higher, the transformer must be supplied separately with 500 V 60 Hz or 460 V 60 Hz.

For rated currents 230 A and above, an external supply at ПО V 50 Hz or 115 V 60 Hz is required to power and operate a cooling fan.

37 50

Home exercise. Read the text and then write a summary in English. Speak on some of the details of an electronic system operation that you know and that are provided bv the text. Use Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. Simplified block diagram

Electronic System. Operation

Programmable signal processing with the electronic system means that the executive functions of a process control system, e. g., is initiated and controlled by a program stored in a memory. On the basis of measured data collected from the process, the system performs the action laid down in the program. The function is therefore not tied to the electrical wiring of the system; it can be adapted to changed operating conditions simply by changing the program.

All function units are connected to the bus and operate jointly with the controlling unit. The control unit may contain a microprocessor and may be mounted on a circuit board of the same type as the other units in the system. It can also consist of a mini-computer, in which case the system acts as an interface with the process.

The objects in the process determine the nature and number of input and output functions, regardless of the operation of the system. The Fig. 8 shoxvs schematically a system in which four of the function units (circuit boards) are used for connection to the process. They include analog and digital input units for transducers and position contacts, and analog and digital output units for control signals to regulators, relays and indicating devices.

The flow' chart for the process shows how the executive components are to operate and perform the process. It serves as a basis for a program list, from which the program is transferred via a magnetic tape to programmable read-only memories. The memory circuit board and a microprocessor circuit board together constitute the controlling unit, which

controls the operation of the system. The control unit reads ‘the input signals and supplies control signals for the executive components in the process on the basis of this.

The program sequence, the supply voltage and certain sections of the bus are checked in a supervising unit which operates an alarm if an error is detected, and makes the output function's safe in order to prevent the process assuming a dangerous state.

Hornet ask-. Ex. 36, 37.

10

The fifth class period

Review of “Power plant control system” and Participle constructions.

38 10

Write a one-page precis about design and operation of power plant control system.

39 11

Dwell on the design and operation of power plant control system with your fellow-student. Use Fig. 8.

10

40

Write the exact translation of the text and then ask each other questions covering this text.

DC Voltage Transducer

This delivers an output voltage proportional to the armature voltage or induced voltage. The output signal is mathematically isolated from the input voltage. The armature current signal is used to compensate the output signal for armature current variations in such a way that the output signal is approximately proportional to the induced EMF.

Where accurate EMF measurement is required, the measuring circuit also has an input which may be connected to the terminal of the machine. The voltage drop across the commutation winding of the machine is then used for IR compensation, and this arrangement therefore compensates to a considerable degree for the dependence of winding resistance on temperature.

Both static and dynamic voltage drop can be compensated by using both compensation inputs at the same time.

The unit is used for voltage control, where it replaces the tacho generator of the machine. The output signal is used as the actual value for the speed control system.

The unit is also used together with a field supply for controlled field current, in order to obtain automatic field weakening. The unit is connected at the factory for automatic field weakening if a controlled field exciter is ordered: if not, it is connected for voltage control.

4

41

Looking through the text draw a flow chart.

Function Description of Automatic Control System of Electrical Power Plants

Part I. Shutting Down

In order to avoid running the sets at excessively low loads, the set which is next in sequence will be shut down when the load has fallen to a value below a predetermined level,

The shutting down instruction can be initiated by the stop push button being depressed, by a critical or поп-critical alarm being initiated, or for diesels by excessive alternator capacity being available. The ordinary shutting down program implies that the set is first unloaded. When the load has fallen below about 10%. the circuit breaker is tripped and the engine is allowed to run for one minute for the temperature to equalize before the stop solenoid is energized for the period normally necessary for the engine to run down. Starting and stopping instructions interrupt each other, except when the stop instruction is caused by an alarm, the stop instruction then having priority.

42 15

Horne exercise. From sentences below pick up those with Attributive Participle constructions and translate them.

1. The first metals used by primitive people were gold, silver and copper as they were found free in nature. 2. Of all the new materials developed by modern technology radioactive isotopes are among the most useful. 3. The Periodic Law stated by Mendeleyev is of great importance for science. 4. A number of new plastics will be developed in the nearest future. 5. Soviet scientists developed electronic computers to control production technology. 6. The developed technology helps to improve the quality of articles produced. 7. This material becomes soft when heated. 8. The voltage changes according to the curve demonstrated. 9. When compressed a gas changes its volume. 10. Each proton is charged positively. The experiment described attracted great attention. 12. The worker repaired the device used. 13. When repaired the automobile moved at high speed. 14. One of the important devices used in the computers is the magnetic core. 15. This energy is greater than that possessed by the original signal. 16. The laboratory was well ventilated. 17. Distilled water used in the laboratory is a colourless and tasteless liquid. 18. The current flowing in a conductor is measured in amperes. 19. We used all the methods recommended. 20. The new instrument being developed in this plant will be tested in two weeks.

43 25

Home exercise. Read the text. Divide it into logical units. In a few words express the main idea of each passage of the text.

Electronic Systems for

Programmable Digital Signal Processing. Design

An electronic system consists of a number of function units each of which comprises one or more circuit boards plugged into racks. At the front edge of the circuit boards there are connectors for the direct connection of cables to and from the process, to indicators and from control panel switches, etc. The function units are controlled by a programmed control unit, e. g. a microprocessor with associated program memory, which can also be installed in the rack.

The rear of the rack consists of a mother board with plug-in sockets for the circuit boards of the function units. The entire printed circuit of the mother board consists of bus lines of standardized application, which connects all the sockets together. The bus is used by all the function units for data communication between the units and for distribution of supply voltages.

The rack is intended to be installed against the rear wall of a cubicle; this screens the bus from electrical interference. Since there is never

97

7 Заказ Лг« 864

need to modify or add to the connections between tire connectors, the cubicle can be installed with its back against wall.

The bus can be extended to cover five racks containing function units; in other words as many as can be accommodated in a cubicle. Bus amplifiers enable the bus to lie extended to one or more additional cubicles.

Hornet ask: Ex. 42. 43.

Key

6 — abegk; 7 — abeigijlmpqstvwxz a' c' cl'; 10 — 1. Свойства утих соединений изменяются в зависимости от содержания азота. 2. При более мелкой насадке перепад давления возрастает и производительность уменьшается. 4. Этому методу отдается некоторое предпочтение по сравнению с тем. 5. Равновесие устанавливают путем регулирования положения стержней. 7. Шкала так коротка, что относительная ошибка при отсчете становится значительной. 9. Это открытие было сделано в 1895 г., хотя оно было признано лишь 20 лет спустя. 10. Мы получили эти значения, исходя из следующей формулы. 11. Водород был замещен кислородом. 12. Кислород был замещен водородом. 25 — е) увеличиваются с увеличением размера рассматриваемых атомов. 1) открыли различие соотношений, g) повышение содержания твердых тел понижало, lu привели к изменению и улучшению синтеза,

i) нагревание смеси давало, j) увеличение индуктивного влияния изменяет электронные связи, к) по мере уменьшения содержания воды.

SECTION 3 (4-f i —4)

Automatic Control System for Ships Electrical Power Plants

The first class period

Review of "Design and Operation of Power Plant Control System” and Nouns. 15

Topical content: Automatic control system for siiips electrical power plants. 10

Text

Automatic Control System for Ships Electrical Power Plants

!. The automatic control system is designed for controlling turbo- and diesel-driven electric generating plant, predominently onboard ships. The purpose of the automatic control equipment is to ensure that the power demand of a ship is generated in an economical manner and also to ensure that any faults occurring will not cause damage to the machinery. During fully automatic operation the equipment carries out starting, synchronizing and load sharing on one or several diesel alternators as the power demand increases; as well as disconnecting and stopping the diesel alternator in the event of excessive power being available. The starting of turbo alternator is usually done manually although synchronizing and load sharing is performed automatically. In the event of a fault on one set, a diesel alternator will automatically be started and connected to the main busbars. In the event of a serious fault, the set will

immediately be disconnected and stopped, this involving the danger of black-out. At black-out a programmed number of sets will be started and the set which is first to reach frequency will be connected to the busbars. The other diesels are then synchronized in the usual manner. A special unit in the automatic is available for program-blocking of connection of large loads, thus allowing the automatic equipment to ensure that there is always sufficient power available before the load is connected.

2. The system is designed for unmanned engine rooms (UER). The only manual operations needed are: starting up the turbos, selection of the sequence of diesel alternators, blocking of a set whenever this may be required, resetting of start blocking caused by an alarm, choice of a program with a minimum number of units in operation.

3. The automatic control equipment is designed to meet the requirements made by classification societies on equipment in unmanned engine rooms. This implies that some of the functions of the automatic control equipments are monitored so that au alarm will be initiated if the system is not entirely in functional condition.

4. The automatic control equipment can be connected to the general alarm system on board, provided that this system is designed for breaking contact functions during alarm conditions.

Exercises

1 6

Look through the text, and list manual operations (5).

2 6

Read the passages containing information on:

a) the purpose of the automatic control equipment;

b) operations which this equipment must carry out;

c) the condition under which the automatic control equipment can be connected to the general alarm system on board.

3 6

Read the text paying attention to the Attributive constructions.

4 2

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself pay ing attention to their Russian equivalents.

busbar

black-out

program-blocking

unmanned engine room (UER)

sequence to imply to monitor provided (that)

— шина

— обесточивание

— блокировка программы

— машинное отделение с безвах-тенным обслуживанием

— последовательность

— предполагать, подразумевать

— управлять

— при условии, что

The second class period

5 10

Read the text carefully. Use ex. 4.

Read the words and point out those of the text:

a) alarm;

b) busbar; c) sense;

d) delay; e) black-out; f) scale; g) customer; h) sequence; i) supervision;

j) transducer; k) to monitor; 1) program-blocking.

7 5

Read the words, point out those which deal with the topic “Operations of the Automatic Control System” and write them out.

u) available m) predominently v) manually

c) set

a) load d) fault

b) start e) event

f) choice

g) power

h) to cause

i) image

j) to carry

k) sharing

l) plant

n) equipment

o) demand

p) increase

q) onboard

r) disconnecting

s) ship

w) starting

x) to perform

y) busbar

z) to need a') to involve b') only

c') sufficient d') society

3

8

Read the word-combinations and point out noun groups: a) plant design; b) automatic control; c) for controlling turbo- and diesel-driven electric generating plant; d) control equipment; e) onboard ships; f) power demand; g) cause damage; h) fault occurring; i) excessive power; j) main busbars; k) danger of black-out; 1) unmanned engine room; m) classification society; n) alarm system; o) alarm conditions; p) entirely functional conditions; q) contact functions.

Now translate them.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out numbers of those which deal with the topic "The Purpose of the Automatic Control System”.

1., There are only five manual operations needed for the UER. 2. The automatic control system is designed for controlling turbo- and diesel-driven electric generating plant, predominently onboard ships. 3. The purpose of this equipment is to ensure that the power demand of a ship is generated in an economical manner and also to ensure that any faults occurring will not cause damage to the machinery. 4. The automatic control equipment can be connected to the general alarm system on board, provided that this system is designed for breaking contact functions during alarm conditions. 5. At black-out a programmed number of sets will be started and the set which is first to reach frequency will be connected to the busbars.

10 20

Home exercise: a) compare the word-combinations and translate them. Model: the tram stop — the city tram

трамвайная остановка — городской трамвай 1. the laboratory work — the college laboratory; 2. the conference programme — the student conference; 3. the lecture hall — the morning lecture; 4. the City Soviet — the Soviet city; 5. the steel sheet —• the sheet steel; 6. the door glass — the glass door; 7. the metal export — the export metal; 8. the design system — the system design.

b) translate the word-combinations:

the operation principle, human labour, the computer programme,- the operation speed, the information processing, the production control, the power transmission, the temperature rise.

c) Point out the determinant word and translate the word-combi-nations:

1. a memory system — a system memory; 2. a research institute — institute research; 3. the control process — the process control; 4. an operation programme — the programme operation; 5. the calculation speed — the speed calculation; 6. the instrument shop — the shop instrument;

7. the test results — the results test; 8. the output information — the information output.

Now look through the text and read the sentences where similar word-combinations are used. Translate them.

11 3

Read the words. Point out Nouns and Adjectives: a) admittance; b) amplifier; c) current; d) apply; e) capacity; f) involve; g) pass; h) like; i) rather; j) since; k) stationary; 1) tidal;

m) torque; n) essential; o) characteristic; p) dynamics; q) magnetic;

r) economical; s) ignition; t) simultaneous; u) negligible; v) sensitive; w) reliability; x) neutralize; y) mutual; z) technology.

Point out suffixes of Nouns and Adjectives and translate the words.

12 4

Read the word-combinations, point out Noun groups and Nouns with Adjectives. Give their Russian equivalents:

a) electrical power plant: b) control equipment: c) economical manner;

d) fully automatic operation; e) load sharing; f) diesel alternator; g) excessive power; h) done manually; i) in the event of a fault; j) main busbar; kj programmed number; 1) other diesel; m) usual manner;

n) special unit; o) large load; p) sufficient power; q) available before the load; r) unmanned engine room; s) manual operation; t) start blocking; u) choice of a program; v) classification societies; w) functional conditions; x) control equipment; y) general alarm system; z) alarm conditions.

13 6

Read the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “man”.

1. Man to man, what happened here? 2. Rich as Croesus and as wicked as the black man below. 3. Every man Jack must take an active part in this operation. 4. I shall be the last man to think so. 5. He is considered the leading man in this branch of science. 6. Man alive! Why I can’t do it! 7. He knows no more about worldly affairs than the man in the moon. 8. He knows about this affair as much as the next man. 9. My grandfather was a selfmade man. 10. I was up early and down late, set may own hand to everything, took dangers as they came, and for once in my life played the man throughout.

14 6

Read the text and explain the different functions of the word “to”. Retell the text in Russian.

15

Home exercise. See ex. 15, Unit I.

Translate the sentences at sight. If necessary consult a dictionary. 1. A number of alternatives have been proposed. 2. Both of these approaches make it possible to measure the rate. 3. Such an ability is almost certainly accounted for by certain considerations. 4. Toward this end we traced the connections. 5. According to the latest evidence this new equipment will meet our requirements. 6. In some instances the two bands fall close together. 7. They suggested a new procedure to obtain such results. 8. They used the ordinary techniques.

17 25

Home exercise. Write the exact translation of the text about the main functions of the automatic control sysiem for ships electrical power plant.

Main Functions

The system is designed for the following functions:

1. Prelubrication of stationary diesel alternator sets for adjustable periods and at adjustable intervals.

2. Starting, synchronizing and load distribution among the sets when a starting order is received, in accordance with a predetermined program.

3. Unloading, tripping of the circuit breaker and shutting down of a set on receipt of a stop instruction, in accordance with a predetermined program.

4. Maintaining the frequency of the distribution network constant within ±0.1 Hz regardless of the load.

5. Issuing starting instructions to diesel sets in accordance with a variable sequence, when the load on the sets which arc then in service exceeds the predetermined level for an adjustable period of time.

6. Issuing shutting-down instructions to diesel sets in accordance with a variable sequence, when the load on the sets then in service falls below a predetermined level for an adjustable period of time. The sequence of starting and stepping of sets may be selected by means of a switch in the control panel.

7. Replacing a set on which a noil-critical alarm is operative, by another unit.

8. Stopping a device set when a critical alarm is initiated.

9. Blocking the starting procedure for a set on which an alarm is operative, until the resetting push button or the alarm has been depressed.

10. Starting and connecting to the distribution network a predetermined number of diesel alternator sets in the event of a black-out.

11. Ensuring that sufficient alternator capacity is available before programmed loads are connected.

12. Transmitting information concerning alarms to the general alarm svstem.

Hometask: Ex. 10, 15, 17.

The third class period

18 2

What systems are meant here?

1. This is the system intended to affect remotely the machinery in order to achieve control function given by the operator.

2. This is the system intended in a specific way to intervene upon the

machinery controlled in order to prevent the failure of machinery or enlargement of its consequences.

19 5

Listen to the tape-recorded text and then retell the contents in your own words.

Part 11. Prelubrication

Prelubrication of a diesel engine implies that a stationary engine is lubricated by a separate electric motor-driven pump for a certain period of time and at certain intervals, e. g. 1 min every hour. This arrangement ensures that an oil film will be formed in the bearings and this oil will be sufficient for starting the diesel engine until its own directly-driven lubricating system is operative. The function is monitored by sensing, by means of a pressure switch designed for that purpose, that a certain lubricating oil pressure has been attained. If not, a “prelubrication alarm” will be initiated and starting of the set will be blocked.

20 3

Fulfil or explain the following:

1. Name the manual operations in UER.

2. Explain what occurs in the event of a serious fault on one set.

3. List main functions of the system (ex. 17).

21 6

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What is the purpose of the automatic control equipment?

2. What are in your opinion advantages of the system?

3. What functions is the system designed for?

22 7

Dwell with your fellow-student on automatic control system for ships electrical power plant. Use ex. 20, 21. Then record your talk on a tape.

23 12

Practice pronunciation. Open your books and repeat after the speaker in pauses paragraph 1 of the recorded text “Automatic Control System for Ships Electrical Power Plant”. Then close your books and do the same with paragraphs 2—4.

24 10

While listening to the recorded text make a flow chart of working conditions on board multipurpose ship. Then dwell on the subject with your fellow-student. Your flow chart will help you.

Work on Board Multipurpose Ship

I have been in charge of machinery on Pielstick-equipped ships for the last eleven years, most of time on banana boats.

When some people compare the medium-speed engines to slow-speed ones, they think there is so much more work to be done on the medium speeds. In a way they are right, but I think the main difference is the kind of work that is required.

With the medium-speed engine you have to have much closer contact with the manufacturer in the beginning. You have to know the characte-

ristics of your specific engine so you know what to look for, and what to do. You also have to keep a closer eye on temperatures, and generally be very exacting and professional all the time.

The greatest difference might be which part of your body you have to actuate. With the slow-speed engines you can use a lot of muscles, but with medium-speeds I think you are better off with a good brain.

Having responsibility for the economy, I feel very confident with the engine. Everything goes very smoothly and we haven’t had any serious problems so far. We did have one incident with the liners in the beginning. The manufacturer had installed the wrong ones, but changed them free of charge. So it was really no problem for us.

I remember the engines on the banana boat I was with before the multipurpose ship. They were similar to this engine. When I left after ten years the original liners were still in. We made inspections every 18,000 hours, but never found much wear.

Here on this ship too my budget for maintenance spare parts and lubrication oil is well under control. We removed all the injection vaives after 7,000 hours and had them checked. Three of them had to be replaced, but the rest were put back in. Up till now we have also changed eleven exhaust valves. That’s all after 12,000 hours of operation at about 93% load.

Coming back to the difference between different types of engines, it might be true that you need a more devoted crew to get good performance out of a medium-speed engine. But don’t think that is the problem! With the medium-speed engine you can offer much better working conditions, so most of the time you get the people you want. That’s my experience, anyway.

The fourth class period

25 8

Work in pairs. Use the following suggested topic for discussion. You want a certain person to work with you on board ship. Convince him that ships with automatic control system have all the advantages.

26 2

Translate the following:

the city tram, the City Soviet, the system design, the computer programme, the information processing, institute research, the control process, the process control, power plant, load sharing, alarm conditions, classification societies, start blocking, stationary diesel alternator sets, stop instruction, alternator capacity, control panel switch, programmable digital signal processing.

27 4

Listen to paragraphs 2—4, read sentence by sentence and translate them orally in pauses.

28 5

Respond to the questions. Compare your results with the text.

1. What is the purpose of the automatic control equipment?

2. What are the advantages of the system?

3. What main functions of the automatic control system can you name?

29 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Selection of the ... of diesel alternators is a manual operation.

2. At ... a programmed number of sets will be started and the set which is first to reach frequency will be connected to the ... 3. A special unit in the automatic is available for ... of connection of large loads.

30 4

Using the notes below speak on operations which the automatic control equipment must carry out:

1. full, operation, equipment, carry out, starting, synchronizing, load, sharing, several, diesel alternator, power, demand, increase, disconnect, stop, event, excessive, available. 2. event, fault, set, alternator, automatically, start, connect, main, busbar. 3. black-out, program, number, set, start, first, reach, frequency, connect, busbar. 4. special, unit, available, program-blocking, connection, large, allow, equipment, ensure, always, sufficient, power, load.

31 4

Complete the following sentences according to the text. Compare the results with the text.

1. The only manual operations needed are... 2. The automatic control equipment is designed to meet the requirements made by classification societies on equipment in UER. This implies. . . 3. The automatic control equipment can be connected to the general alarm system on board, provided that. . . 4. A special unit in the automatic is available for programblocking of connection of large loads, thus allowing the automatic equipment to. . .

Give Russian equivalents for the following sentences. Pay attention to the underlined words.

1. We found new routes, the older ones being unsatisfactory. 2. For our purposes we may think of operation principle of the new device as being like one of all the rest. 3. This method is not the one to use. 4. The results were very favourable, especially that of mine. 5. The rates and molecular weights are affected by lowering the temperatures, the former being decreased and the latter increased. 6. Both floating and shore-based storage facilities are needed. The former serve operational needs, while the latter are for long-term storage.

35 3

Read the text, point out the Attributive groups and translate them. Ask each other questions covering the text.

Part III. Synchronizing

As soon as the lower frequency alarm limit has been passed, the synchronizing unit will be switched in and will sense the difference in phase relationship and frequency between the alternator and busbars. On the basis of these parameters, a control signal will be generated and will actuate the speed governor so that the generator will be rapidly brought into synchronism with the busbars. The voltage difference between the alternator and the busbars is detected by a breaker closing unit which will initiate closure of the circuit breaker as soon as the voltage difference tends towards zero at a sufficiently slow rate. If the difference in amplitude is excessively large, closure of the breaker is blocked.

The synchronizing process is supervised so that if it lasts for more than a predetermined period, a synchronizing alarm will be initiated causing the set to be stopped and further starting attempts to be blocked.

36 50

Home exercise. Read the text. Divide it into logical units. Point out in English in written form what main themes are dwelt upon. Then in a few words express the main idea of each passage.

Part IV. Starting Program for Diesel and Turbo Alternators

If the load on the sets in service should exceed a certain percentage of the rated output, a new set must be connected in. That level is normally 80 percent. However, in some systems the levels for starting a new set are detected on the basis of the sum of all the sets then in service, e. g. the total power available. This arrangement allows for better utilization of the sets. In order to avoid starting a new set as a result of the appropriate level being temporarily, e. g. when starting a new consumer with a large starting current demand, the starting instruction is delayed by an adjustable period.

On receipt of automatic starting order, the prelubrication pump will first be started and when its pressure switch delivers a signal to indicate that the oil system is pressurerized, the solenoid of the starting air valve will be energized. The supply of starting air is maintained until the ignition speed has been exceeded or for a predetermined maximum period, normally 5 s. If the engine fails to start, the attempt is repeated, normally twice, at an interval of about 5 s. If all starting attempts have failed, the “starting failure” alarm will be initiated. This alarm will also be initiated if the engine has failed to attain normal speed after a predetermined period, normally 30 s. When the ignition speed has been exceeded preexcitation is initiated by a contact function which persists until the voltage is acknowledged or an alarm is initiated. At this speed a time delay is also initiated for activating certain alarms, e. g. alarms for low voltage, low frequency and low lubricating oil pressure.

The turbo is always started manually since it is never used as a stand-by set and the taking into operation of a turbo is based on the fact that you know that the steam power supply will be sufficient for some time. Furthermore, there are often certain visual checks to be done when starting up a turbo.

37

Home exercise. Check vour reading skills. See ex. 32, Section I, Unit 2.

Part V. Supervision 20

Each set is protected against damage which could occur in the event of deviation from normal values. Such deviations are sensed by means of transmitters in the automatic equipment or on the set. If a fault is detected, an alarm will be initiated but this can be delayed for up to 60 s.

An alarm may initiate tripping, stopping and blocking of the starting procedure on the set concerned. Alarm indications are provided in the control panel, where resetting of the alarm can also take place. The alarms can be either non-critical (NCR) or critical (CR). A critical alarm will stop the engine automatically immediately, since the set is considered to be in danger of sustaining damage. Non-critical alarms cause shutting down in accordance with the ordinary shutting-down program and the starting procedure is blocked.

Fill in the blanks in such a way that it makes sense.

1. Such deviations are sensed ... in the automatic equipment or on the set. (a) by means of each set; b) by means of transmitters; c) by non-critical alarms

2. An alarm may initiate ... of the starting procedure on the set concerned. (a) resetting of the alarm; b) shutting down; c) tripping, stopping and blocking

3. A critical alarm will stop the engine immediately, since ... (a) the starting procedure is blocked; b) the set is considered to be in danger of sustaining damage; c) such deviations are sensed by means of transmitters.

Now record your time and results.

Hometask: Ex. 36, 37.

The fifth class period

Review of “Automatic Control System for Ships Electrical Power Plants”.

38 15

Check your reading skills. See ex. 32, Section 1, Unit 2.

Part VI. Black-out Program

In the event of a black-out, the automatic equipment will start a certain number of diesel alternators. The set which is the first to acknowledge the frequency receives the instruction to switch onto the busbars. If the first set does not succeed in switching onto the busbars, it will be blocked and the next is allowed to make the attempt, etc. The reason for starting more than one diesel is primarily to prevent a fault on one set from delaying the clearing of the black-out condition, and in addition, the load often increases rapidly when the black-out condition has been cleared, and it is then advantageous to have at least one additional alternator about to be synchronized onto the busbars. The black-out condition is sensed by the automatic equipment by the fact that there is no voltage on the busbars and that all breakers are tripped. Both of these conditions must thus be satisfied.

Fill in the blanks in such a way that it makes sense.

1. The set ... receives the instruction to switch onto the busbars, (a) which is the first to acknowledge the frequency; b) which will be blocked; c) which delays the clearing of the black-out conditions.

2. If the first set does not succeed in switching onto the busbars,

(a) the automatic equipment will start a certain number of diesel alternators; b) it is then advantageous to have at least one additional alternator about to be synchronized onto the busbars; c) it will be blocked and the next is allowed to make the attempt, etc.

3. .. .is sensed by the automatic equipment by the fact that there is no voltage on the busbars and that all breakers are tripped, (a) delaying the clearing of the black-out condition; b) the black-out condition;

c) switching onto the busbars.

Now record your time and results. Compare them with ‘ previous ones.

39 15

Work in pairs. Dwell with your fellow-student on work with automatic control system for ships electrical power plants. Mind advantages and disadvantages (if any) of the system. Use ex. 17—19, 22, 24, 35—38.

40 35

Home exercise. Read the text. Write the number of logical units in each sentence. Draw a flow chart of programming of large loads. Make up as many questions on the text as you can and write a summary of it.

Part VII. Programming of Large Loads

If a relatively large load is switched onto the network, a load surge will occur and this may cause overloading and in the worst case, tripping of the circuit breakers due to overcurrent. The risk of not taking this fact into account is illustrated by the starting current of a directly starting induction motor being 5—10 times the rated current.

For preventing such damages automatic control system is provided with unit, designed to control switching in such large loads.

The request for switching in a certain load is made in the form of a closing contact function. The load to be switched in is exceeded, switching in of the load is blocked until conditions render this possible, i. e. until a new diesel has been synchronized onto the busbars. If the power limit is not exceeded, clearance is given for immediate switching in of the load. When the load is switched in, the simulation is switched off, since the load will be metered by the ordinary equipment.

Hometask: Ex. 40.

Key

6 —behkl; 7 —acdeghijknoprtuxyc'; 13—1. Поговорим, как мужчина с мужчиной, что, собственно, здесь произошло? 2. Богат, как Крез, и порочен, как сатана. 3. Все без исключения должны принять активное участие в этой работе. 4. Я далек от того, чтобы так думать. 5. Он считается чуть ли не светилом в этой области науки. 6. Боже мой, почему же я не могу этого сделать! 7. Он не от мира сего. 8. Об этом деле ему известно не меньше, чем кому бы то ни было. 9. Мой дедушка выбился в люди самостоятельно. 10. Я рано вставал и поздно ложился, во всем принимал участие, не уклонялся от опасности, и хоть раз в жизни вел себя, как подобает мужчине. 18 — Remote control system. 2 Safety system. 37 — lb, 2c, 3b; 38—la, 2c, 3b.

SECTION 4 (4-j-l+4)

. Automatic Control of the Shaft Generators

The first class period

Review of “Automatic Control System for Ships Electrical Power Plants”.

15

Topical content: Automatic control of the shaft generators. 12

Text. Automatic Control of the Shaft Generators. Operation

1. When the order is issued for the main engine to operate at a constant speed corresponding to the correct frequency, and if the load on the dis-

tribution network is not in excess of the maximum permissible load on the shaft generator, and if no alarm is operative on the shaft generator, this combination of conditions is indicated on the control panel by the “shaft generator ready’’ lamp lighting up. The generator then rotates at the correct speed although without excitation, i. e. it generates no voltage.

2. If the change-over switch on the control panel is set to the “shaft generator on” position the generator will be excited and will generate a voltage. When about 85% of the normal voltage is attained, control of excitation shaft generator will be taken over by the voltage regulator in the switchgear.

3. The diesel-driven generator or generators supplying the distribution network are then synchronized to the shaft generator by the synchronizing unit in the shaft generator unit. When the generators are running in synchronism, the shaft generator breaker will receive a closure signal from the automatic control equipment.

4. When the shaft generator is in service and no alarm is operative, a shut-down signal will be applied to all diesel-driven generators. These generators will be unloaded, and the circuit breakers will then trip the generators from the distribution netw'ork. The diesel engines will then be stopped.

5. A synchronizing alarm will be initiated if the shaft generator is not synchronized to the network within about one minute. Other alarms in the equipment indicate high voltage, high frequency, low voltage and low frequency.

6. All alarms can be delayed by an adjustable period ranging between 1 second and 60 seconds. If a shaft generator alarm should become operative the number of diesel-driven units necessary to replace the shaft generator will then be started immediately and will be synchronized to the network. When a sufficient number of diesel-driven units are in service, the shaft generator will be unloaded and its circuit breaker will be tripped. If no diesel-driven unit is synchronized to the network after an adjustable time delay, the shaft generator breaker will trip and blackout will occur. The time delay for tripping the shaft generator circuit breaker can be set at any value between about 1 second and 60 seconds. The black-out will last only about 1 second, since the necessary number of diesel-driven units are already in service, although not synchronized to the network.

Exercises

1 5

Look through the text and write about combination of conditions which is indicated on the control panel by the “shaft generator ready” lamp.

2 6

Read the passages containing the information on:

a) the “shaft generator on” position;

b) generators running in synchronism;

c) a shut-dowm signal applied to all diesel-driven generators;

d) the work of adjustable time delay.

3 6

Read the text paying attention to word-combinations with Attributive meaning.

The second class period 4

Repeat the words after the teacher. Then read them by yourself paying attention to their Russian equivalents.

shaft generator to issue an order correct freguency distribution network maximum permissible load

no alarm is operative

control panel

“Shaft generator ready” lamp lighting up

it generates no voltage change-over switch “Shaft generator on” the generator will be excited

control of excitation shaft generators will be taken over by the voltage regulator synchronizing unit

breaker

closure

shut-down signal diesel-driven generator to trip

A synchronizing alarm will be

initiated

to delay

adjustable period ranging between

the number of diesel-driven units necessary to replace

breaker will trip

5

Read the text carefully. Use ex. 4. [9] [10]

— валогенератор

— подать команду

— правильное значение частоты

— распределительная сеть

— максимально допустимая нагрузка

— не находится в аварийном состоянии, нет сигнала аварии

— панель управления

— зажигается табло «Валогеие-ратор готов к работе»

— он не дает напряжения

— переключатель

— «Валогенератор включен»

— на генератор будет подано возбуждение

— управление валогенератором будет передано регулятору напряжения

— синхронизирующее устройство (синхронизатор)

— выключатель

— замыкание

— сигнал остановки

— дизель-генератор

— отключить

— будет подан сигнал: «Неудав-шаяся синхронизация»

— задерживать; запаздывать; медлить

— регулируемая выдержка времени

— в пределах между

— такое количество дизель-генераторов, какое нужно, чтобы заменить

......выключатель сработает

11

chronization to the Distribution Network and Closure of the Circuit Breaker” and write them out.

g) to refer

h) below

i) network

j) to supply

k) switch

l) to run

m) solve

n) breaker

o) closure

p) power

q) to provide

r) equipment

s) operative I) excitation

c) order

a) shaft d) set

b) to use e) unit

f) alarm

u) unloading

v) shutting-down

w) to trip

x) event

y) stand-by

z) distribution a') network b') request

c/) initiate d') adjustable

2

8

Read the word-combinations and point those with Adjectives. Translate them:

a) automatic electrical power plant; b) shaft generator; c) additional unit; d) diesel-driven generator; e) circuit breaker; f) stand-by generator; g) main engine; h) constant speed; i) changeover switch; j) as thoroughly as possible; k) not so effective as; 1) the lower the higher; m) the higher the greater; n) more stable the smaller; o) the latter shows; p) the former mentioned.

9 1

Read the sentences and point out numbers of those which deal with the topic “Work of an Adjustable Time Delay”.

1. All alarms can be delayed by an adjustable period ranging between 1 s and 60 s. 2. The diesel-driven generator supplying the distribution network is then synchronized to the shaft generator by the synchronizing unit. 3. If no diesel-driven unit is synchronized to the network after an adjustable time delay, the shaft generator breaker will trip and blackout will occur. 4. When the shaft generator is in service and no alarm operative, a shut-down signal will be applied to all diesel-driven generators. 5. These generators will be unloaded, and the circuit breakers will then trip the generators from the distribution network. 6. The time delay for tripping the shaft generator circuit breaker can be set at any value between 1 s and 60 s.

10 15

Home exercise, a) Reword the f о 11 о w i n g:

1) the motion of electrons along the conductor from the point of higher to that of the lower potential; 2) the process of changing energy from one form to another one; 3) the resistance offered by the conductor to the flow of electric current; 4) acceleration; 5) the specific language used by the computer for information processing; 6) the information furnished into the computer; 7) the time necessary for getting information from the storage of the computer.

b) Translate the sentences at sight.

1. It is the electron motion which causes the wave known as radiation.

2. Tsiolkovskiy studied the influence of air resistance on the rocket motion. 3. The first cause of weather changes is the temperature variations of the atmosphere. 4. Fuel control is one of the principal factors of gas turbines. 5. The measurement of pressure distribution over the model surface is of great importance. 6. The calculation results are shown by a continuous line in the figure. 7. All-round mechanization and automation of production processes is continuously spreading.

Ill

c)_Look th rough the text and read the sentences in which similar word-combinations are used. Translate the latter.

11 3

Read the words. Point out Nouns and Adjectives, state their suffixes and prefixes. Translate them:

a) network, b) service, c) unit, d) number, e) since, f) breaker, g) delay, h) adjustable, i) occurance, j) sufficient, k) immediate, 1) voltage,

m) frequency, n) equipment, o) operative, p) within, q) distribution, r) unloading, s) closure, t) excitation, u) overload, v) replacement, w) removal, x) useless, y) useful, z) disassembling.

12 4

Read the word-combinations and point out “Noun-f-Noun” groups and “Adjective+Noun” ones. Translate them:

a) referred to below; b) shaft generator control unit; c) automatic change over; d) power supply; e) following function; f) circuit breaker; g) generators operating in parallel; h) stand-by generator; i) field suppression; j) distribution network; k) maximum permissible load; 1) control panel; m) “shaft generator ready” lamp lighting up; n) change-over switch; o) synchronizing unit; p) shaft generator breaker; q) closure signal; r) shut-down signal; s) diesel engine; t) adjustable period; u) time delay.

13 6

Read the sentences and define in each of them the meaning of the word “work”.

1. That will cost rue a farther ride but it is all in the day’s work. 2. As is the workman so is the work. 3. The mechanic is at work on your car now. 4. If I were you I should have made short work of this! 5. These days we are having a very rush work. 6. To double this small head-land was like to be a work of time. 7. There was a long pause; the speech has done its work. 8. He who does not work neither shall he eat. 9. A bad (ill) workman quarrels with his tools.

14 8

Read the text and explain the different functions of “-ing” forms. Retell the text in Russian.

15 50

Home exercise. See ex. 15, Unit 1.

Hometask: Ex. 10, 15.

The third class period

16 8 Give free translation of the recorded text.

Safety System

1. As a rule, the safety system is to come into action after the alarm system has operated.

2. Safety system of individual automated machinery is to operate when parameters exceed their limit values and is to cover all foreseeable fault conditions, assumed with regard to characteristics and operational properties of machinery concerned.

3. Safety system of internal combustion engines operating due to lubricating oil pressure drop and safety system of steam boilers operating due to low water level are to be independent of alarm and indicating systems, including the sensors.

4. Safety system of main internal combustion engine which may have influence upon manoeuvrability of the ship is to be provided with switching off facilities. The switching off device is to be of such design as to exclude the possibility of its unintentional use and in case of safety system being switched off its position is to be indicated by means of a special signal. The switching off device need not cover safety system operating due to lubricating oil pressure drop.

17 6

Fulfil or explain the following:

1. Explain the function of synchronization to the distribution network and closure of the circuit breaker.

2. Name conditions which are indicated on the control panel.

3. Speak on the necessity of time delay in all alarms.

18 4

Record your answers on a tape.

1. What is the purpose of the additional shaft generator control unit?

2. What is meant by “shaft generator ready”?

3. How can the time delay for tripping the shaft generator circuit breaker be set?

4. How would you know that no diesel-driven unit is synchronized to the network after an adjustable time delay?

5. What do alarms indicate?

19 8

Dwell with your fellow-student on automatic control of the shaft generator. Use ex. 17, 18. Then record your talk on a tape.

20 15

Practice pronunciation. Open your books and repeat after the speaker in pauses paragraphs 1—4 of the recorded text “Automatic Control of the Shaft Generators”. Then close your books and do the same with paragraphs 5—6.

21 4

Listen to the recorded text and say what is the difference between a tool and a drawing board.

A Machine Tool

Madmen seem to keep up in step with the progress of science and technical development of the day since there is an ever increasing number of ballistic missiles, interplanetary rockets, atomic bombs and submarines of every kind there.

The other day when Doctor Nut junior had to sign in “an electric machine tool” his face did not show any surprise at all.

He assured the doctor he had just left the assembly line... Moreover, he had been provided with a rotary tool. . . He maintained his speed range was 20,000 rpm to 38,000...

Two days later Dr. Nut, accompanied by a group of students, entered the room where the “model” was treated.

— This is the tool! — said the doctor pointing to the fellow.

— No, I am not, — answered the madman with determination. — If I were really such a model I would be working now. But this does not seem to be the case because for the last two days I’ve been doing absolutely nothing! I must be something else more like a drawing board, but I’m not so sure about it yet...

22 5

Write the exact translation.

Automatic Control of the Shaft Generators

In automatic electrical power plants using shaft generator additional shaft generator control unit is installed for automatic change over of the power supply between the shaft generator and the diesel-driven generators.

The shaft generator unit provides the following functions:

Excitation of the shaft generator

Synchronization to the distribution network and closure of the circuit breaker

Unloading and shutting-down of the diesel-driven generators operating in parallel

In the event of an alarm on the shaft generator, changing over from this generator to the stand-by generators

Switching a diesel-driven generator onto the distribution network and unloading of the shaft generator when “Shaft generator off” is requested

Field suppression on the shaft generator after tripping.

23 4

Listen to paragraphs 1—4, read sentence by sentence and translate them orally in pauses.

24 5

Respond to the questions.

1. What functions does the shaft generator unit provide?

2. Will you try to explain in a few words the operation of the automatic control of the shaft generator?

3. What is meant by “Shaft generator ready”?

4. What is the difference between a tool and a drawing board?

25 2 Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. If the ... switch on the control panel is set to the “Shaft generator on” position the generator will be excited and will generate a voltage. 2. When a sufficient number of diesel-driven units are in service, the shaft generator will be unloaded and its circuit breaker will be ... 3. If no diesel-driven unit is synchronized to the network after an . . . time delay, the shaft generator breaker will trip and black-out will occur.

26 6

Using the notes below speak on generators running in synchronism: 1. diesel-driven, generator, supply, distribution, network, synchronize, shaft, unit. 2. generator, run, synchronism, breaker, receive, closure, equipmen-t. 3. synchronize, alarm, initiate, shaft, generator, knot, network, minute. 4. if, shaft, generator, alarm, become, operative, number, unit, necessary, replace, start, immediate, network.

27

о

Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1. In automatic electrical power plants using shaft generators additional shaft generator control unit is installed for. ... 2. The generator then rotates at the correct speed although without excitation, i. e. ... 3. The time delay for tripping the shaft generator circuit breaker can be set at... . 4. The black-out will last only about 1 s, since... . 5. When a sufficient number of diesel-driven units are in service, the shaft generator. . . .

Translate the following sentences. Mind degrees of comparison.

1. This device is small, but that one is smaller. 2. This is the largest engine room I have ever seen. 3. Segment AB is longer than segment CD. 4. This procedure is not so complex as that described above. 5. The new technique is twice as effective as the old one. 6. This substance reacts one third as fast as the other one. 7. Experiential data were presented in some detail and discussed as thoroughly as possible. 8. This evidence proved not so effective as we assumed them to be. 9. A compound is considered more stable, the smaller its potential energy.

31

Translate the following word-combinations. The sequence of translation is 1, 3, 2:

1 3 2

negative grid current; small condenser leak; these measurement units; low energy content; maximum conductor temperatures; various machine parts; other transmitter components. The sequence of translation is 3. 1, 2: Supreme Soviet session; low velocity areas; electric motor construction, high frequency energy; direct current wave.

Id

32

Home exercise. Translate the following word-combinations. The sequence of translation is:

a) 1, 4, 2, 3; 1, 4, 3, 2

exact power transfer limits; normal input generator operation; every nuclear power reactor; this high energy wave; limited input voltage range; all rotating equipment problems; sufficient information processing capacity.

b) 3, 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 1, 2

high-speed digital computer; light signal duration time; high capacity heating boiler; high-speed shaft rotation; pressure-sensitive switching device; long-term training programme.

c) 4, 1, 3, 2; 4, 1, 2, 3

small industrial shop needs; most shaft generators design; ordinary power plant equipment; more corrosion resistance cables.

Home exercise. Read the text and write a one-page precis about unmanned machinery spaces ships. Be prepared to dwell on the advantages of such ships.

Unmanned Machinery Spaces (UMS) Ships —

Control and Alarm Requirements

The number of UMS ships has increased rapidly over the past few years. Control systems are much more reliable now than they were when first applied to ships. Educating the crew to understand control functions is now undertaken by most shipowners. More ships will, in future, be fitted with remote-control systems as a means of reducing crews.

Nowadays, however, far more UMS ships are in operation. Crews have grown familiar with the systems and training is more prolific. In the immediate future more owners will adopt UMS, not only as a means of cutting crew to a minimum and thus cut operational costs, but also for reasons of safety.

Remote-controf systems. As a number of remote-control stations may be installed, operation must only be possible for one station at a time. There should he no misunderstanding as to which station has control at any time one time, thus there should be continuous indication at all the main control stations showing which one has control. When control is transferred from on'e station to another, a warning must be given. Only one-station which has taken control must acknowledge the fact.

There must be means by which the propulsion machinery can be stopped from the bridge, regardless of whether another station is being operated. Any orders activated from the bridge are to be indicated in the control rooms.

Indicators of the speed and direction or rotation of reversible engines. or the propeller pitch and speed of rotation must be fitted on the bridge. Additionally, an independently-operated stand-by control should be provided in the engine room. It must be able to override the remote-control system.

For diesel plant with fixed-pitch propellers the fuel supply and direction of engine rotation should be effected by a single control lever. The controls must operate the machinery in a time sequence acceptable for the engines, and able to shut-off the fuel supply if the desired and actual direction of rotation of the engine and the cam-shaft position does not match.

In addition to alarm indication for the lubricating oil system, the system must be able to shut down the engine if lubricating (lube) oil is lost. The circuit and sensors for this function must be additional to the alarm circuit required.

On the bridge, both audible and visual alarms are to operate and indication given when the speed of the main engines is to be reduced due to the following fault condition: high scavenge air temperature, oil mist detected in crankcase, low piston coolant outlet flow, low piston coolant pressure, also for low cylinder coolant pressure if on a separate circuit.

Where the lube oil cooling water and oil fuel booster pumps are not driven by the main engine, the standby pump is to start automatically if the discharge pressure from the working pump falls below a predetermined value.

Iiomeiask: Ex. 32. 33.

The fifth class period

Read the text, mind logical units. Translate the text at sight.

Thyristor Convertors

The convertors in dc drive systems are designed to control and supply separately-excited dc machines in aimlications that demand rapid response. high accuracy and great reliability.

"The convertors are available with single-convertor arrangement and in double-convertor arrangement.

Operation. The armature simply unit has a closed-loop current control system which ensures that the armature current follows the set current reference. The svstem is based on a current controller, the output signal of which can influence the armature current via the control pulse circuits and the thyristor unit. The current measuring circuits continuallv supplv the current controller with information on the actual value of the armature current, and when this is compared with the reference an error signal is obtained which corrects the output voltage of the controller if necessary.

The controller current includes circuits for adaptive control. This means that the gain of the controller increases if the current is discontinuous. This maintains the response time of the current control system. A tynical response time for the current control is 10—15 min.

The current control system includes a buffer amplifier for the actual current value. This makes it possible to connect a meter to display the armature current, for example. By applying a control signal, the output of the buffer amplifier can be converted, so that the output signal changes sign when the direction of current flow changes in a double convertor.

37 3

Choose a suitable title for the text. Give reasons for your choice.

Double convertors have blocking circuits which switch the control pulses to the correct thyristors to give the required direction of the current flow. The input signal for the blocking circuits is the total current reference.

When the direction of current flow changes, the output voltage of the convertor is automatically matched to the armature voltage of the dc machine, so that current begins to flow immediately. This arrangement saves the time that would otherwise be needed to drive the current controller to the control voltage that gives through the machine.

38 6

Dwell on thyristor convertors with your fellow-student. Use ex. 36, 37.

Home exercise. Read the words, explain the function of their suffixes and prefixes. Give Russian equivalents for them:

REmove, careFULLY, installaTION, exactLY, ventilatING, openING, deterioraHON, resistANCEs, housING, insulaTION, OVERload, excess-IVE, connecTION, PREmature, rotaTION, failURE, maintenANCE, RE-newING, Disassemble, REplace, useLESS, internAL, pressURE, abra-SION, withIN, withOUT, sufficiENT, inspecTION, DEfault, REset, UNDERcurrent, UNtapped, considerABLY. machinERY, equipMENT, relationSHIP, comprehensIVE, hardWARE, reliabillTY, surveillANCE, UNused, softWARE, REbuildING, invertER, triAL, personnEL, ANTI-vibration, OVERall, Alive, ENcourage, transmisSION, Alike, domestic, throughOUT, AFOREmentioned, MISused, COUNTER-voltage.

40 20

Home exercise. Read the text and write out the names of main parts of a vacuum cleaner. Describe the steps taken by the psychiatrist in his treatment. What is your opinion of labour-saving devices?

Labour-Saving Devices

Quite a crowd had gathered in front of the local hospital. Presently the white door opened and Doctor Curewell himself appeared there. His voice sounded loud and clear when he said addressing the crowd:

— He’s gone to nuts, thinks he’s a vacuum cleaner!

— Poor old James, — murmured many voices.

You see, James Parker had a small workshop and was said to be able to mend anything from a coffee mill to a TV set. Whenever anything went wrong it was James that people went. They found him always in his workshop with a drill or a hammer in his hand, always smiling and always ready to help.

With the passage of time there were more and more various labour-saving devices, and the difficulties seemed to have piled up but this did not seem to worry old James. . . They say he loved screwdrivers and nuts as though they were living things and there was not a happier man in the whole of Suffolk. And he grew more and more famous until that dreadful day when he got it into his head he was nothing but an electrical vacuum cleaner. . . Fancy such a man wanting to suck in the dirt and dust of his house and those of his neighbours, and what a blow it must have been to all his friends!

Doctor Nut, the best psychiatrist in the country, was sent for. He came at once, examined James, and set about the work at once. The treatment was the talk of the town and the improvement came very quickly.

As soon as Mr. Parker got the electric shocks he felt he was only a part of the vacuum cleaner. Then came the cold showers which he endured bravely and after which he thought he was only tiie exhaust pipe, and gradually, as the treatment was continued (pills and injections), Mr. Parker was reduced to a switch, a plug, a piece of wire, then insulating tape and back to a man. . .

That was what Dr. Nut was waiting for. He put Mr. Parker in front of a mirror and asked:

— Who are you?

— I'm a man, — answered Mr. Parker.

— Are you quite sure you’re no longer a vacuum cleaner?

— Yes, I am,— answered Mr. Parker with determination. — I am a man

and feel strongly about it but. . . I’m not sure if my wife thinks the same! ..

Hoineiask: Ex. 39, 40.

Key

(i — befil; 7 — aefilnorsuvwza' c' d'; 10 — а/ 1—machine-lan

guage, 2--input information, 3 — speed increase. 4 — energy conversion, 5 — access time, 6 — electric current, 7 — conductor resistance; 13—1. Из-за этого мне придется ехать дальше. Но это дело привычное. 2. Дело мастера боится. 3. Механик как раз чинит вашу машину. 4. На вашем месте я бы быстро с этим справился. 5. Эти дни у нас напряженная работа.

6. Чтобы обогнуть этот небольшой мыс, понадобилось немало времени. 7. Наступила длинная пауза; речь сделала свое дело. 8. Кто не работает, тот не ест. 9. У плохого мастера всегда инструмент виноват.

SECTION 5 (4+1-|-4)

Starting Control from Engine Control Room Text

Starting the Engine

1. By shifting the telegraph lever from STOP position to any one of the manoeuvring speed positions, both the engine logic starting circuitry and analog RPM control are energized.

The starting prerequisites are immediately and automatically verified.

2. The unit contemplates on/off consent inputs which could be: turning gear disengaged; starting air pressure, fresh water, lube oil sufficient. It is also checked whether the propeller is stopped or rotates in the demanded direction below the minimum RPM; consequently the engine starting logic is activated, as follows;

3. 1st A 11 e m p t

In order to limit starting air consumption at the 1st attempt, starting air is fed to the engine for a minimum preset time, with simultaneous setting of the first starting RPM and fuel lever.

Once the preset time has lapsed and without waiting for the RPM response, starting air flow is cut off and the RPM’s reach the value corresponding to the speed preset by the operator by means of the engine telegraph lever, with the manoeuvring gradient.

4. 2nd Attempt

If the engine RPM’s drop below 20% of minimum running speed after cutting off the starting air, the second attempt immediately takes place, with reopening of the starting air valves and return of the starting speed set-point and fuel oil lever to the first starting speed is achieved, the starting air control valves close and the engine RPM’s reach the value set by the operator, with manoeuvring gradient.

5. 3rd Attempt

If the required starting RPM’s are not reached after a given time from the opening of the starting air valves on the second attempt, the air valves reclose and as soon as the engine speed falls below 20% of minimum running RPM’s and the position of the fuel lever are set on a second higher level and the starting air valves reopen. Once the required number of starting RPM’s is reached, the air valves reclose and the engine achieves the speed set by the operator with the manoeuvring gradient; otherwise, after a given time lapse from opening, the valves reclose and a “Starting failure” alarm is activated.

To repeat the starting attempts, the operator must reposition the telegraph lever on STOP position, then reset the desired speed.

6. Engine Reversal

In case of engine reversal, the first attempt is automatically by-passed and the starting air valves open as soon as the RPM’s of the engine (which is obviously turning in the direction opposite to that demanded) drop below approximately 20% of maximum RPM’s. Then the two attempts are repeated exactly as described above.

Vocabulary

Material for Rendering and Discussion A

engine control room (ECR)

Superconducting DC Motors for Marine Propulsion

I

Electric propulsion power transmission is usually economical only for special vessels. However, superconducting motors with their greatly reduced weights and sizes indicate that this type of propulsion may become more widespread in the future.

The energy crisis of the early 1970s provided impetus for more sufficient energy conservation and for exploiting hitherto untapped resources.

The superconducting dc motor adds a potent new factor to this situation. It offers the best of these options in that it is lighter than the equivalent conventional ac motor and is a dc motor which may be operated from an ac generator via a simple diode-rectifier-convertor. It offers all the advantages of a dc propulsion system, together with high efficiency, and performance characteristics particularly suited to high efficiency propellers; with no practical power limit.

Superconductors are materials which, when cooled to below a critical temperature, exhibit zero electrical resistance and thus are able to sustain very high current densities. To qualify as an engineering material for electric machines, a superconductor must also tolerate a high magnetic field.

The superconductor is niobuim-titanium alloy which, when cooled to approximately 4.5°K, can carry a few thousand A/mm^2 in a field of approximately 6 tesla with no resistive losses. It is thus possible to construct a lossless winding with several million ampere-turns producing correspondingly high flux output.

In practice this means a very much smaller and lighter motor than conventional types of the same output so that the economics of electrical propulsion merit re-examination.

II

Two magnetically opposed superconducting field windings are in closely fitting liquid-helium vessels, formed by partitions in a single structure designed to contain the electro-magnetic separating forces between the coils. This assembly is suspended in a vacuum vessel on the support cylinder.

The purpose of this system of vessels is to minimize the heat-flow from ambient to the liquid-helium vessels and coils at 4.5°I\.

The complete assembly is located within the rotor on a fixed support that passes through the bore of the large bearing at the non-drive end and is connected to a steady bearing on a stub extension of the output shaft.

The armature rotor group assembly comprises a drum carrying the slip rings, and rotor conductors interconnecting pairs of slip rings; a non-drive-end section; a drive-end section; and the output shaft.

The armature stator group consists of brushgear and stator conductors, mounted on a structure able to withstand the motor torque reaction on the stator conductors. The stator also includes the bearing and the base frame. For a propulsion application the drive-end bearing could include the main thrust block.

prerequisite to verify

to contemplate on/off consent input

turning gear disengaged

propeller consequently starting logic attempt consumption to feed preset setting

first starting RPM

fuel oil lever to lapse response

to cut off

with the manoeuvring gradient

below 20% of minimum running speed

valve

return of the starting speed set-point

to set on a second higher level

a “Starting failure” alarm is activated

— ЦПУ

— передвигать, перемещать

— ручка, рычаг,' рейка

— логическая схема управления пуском двигателя

— аналоговая схема контроля оборотов двигателя (частота вращения)

— предварительное условие

— проверять

— следить за дискретным (вклю-чающим/отключающим) сигналом

— валоповоротное устройство отключено

— винт

— следовательно, поэтому

— логика пуска

— попытка

— расход

— подавать

— предустановочный

— установка

— первая величина пусковых оборотов

— топливный рычаг/рейка

— истекать (о времени)

— ответный сигнал (достижения оборотов)

— отключить

— со ступенью, соответствующей маневрированию

— более чем на 20% от минимально заданной рабочей скорости

— клапан

— возврат установленного значения пусковой скорости

— установить на второй более высокий уровень

— включается сигнал «Неудача пуска»

Material for Rendering and Discussion A

Superconducting DC Motors for Marine Propulsion

I

Electric propulsion power transmission is usually economical only for special vessels. However, superconducting motors with their greatly reduced weights and sizes indicate that this type of propulsion may become more widespread in the future.

The energy crisis of the early 1970s provided impetus for more sufficient energy conservation and for exploiting hitherto untapped resources.

The superconducting dc motor adds a potent new factor to this situation. It offers the best of these options in that it is lighter than the equivalent conventional ac motor and is a dc motor which may be operated from an ac generator via a simple diode-rectifier-convertor. It offers all the advantages of a dc propulsion system, together with high efficiency, and performance characteristics particularly suited to high efficiency propellers; with no practical power limit.

Superconductors are materials which, when cooled to below a critical temperature, exhibit zero electrical resistance and thus are able to sustain very high current densities. To qualify as an engineering material for electric machines, a superconductor must also tolerate a high magnetic field.

The superconductor is niobuim-titanium alloy which, when cooled to approximately 4.5°K, can carry a few thousand A/mm^2 in a field of approximately 6 tesla with no resistive losses. It is thus possible to construct a lossless winding with several million ampere-turns producing correspondingly high flux output.

In practice this means a very much smaller and lighter motor than conventional types of the same output so that the economics of electrical propulsion merit re-examination.

II

Two magnetically opposed superconducting field windings are in closely fitting liquid-helium vessels, formed by partitions in a single structure designed to contain the electro-magnetic separating forces between the coils. This assembly is suspended in a vacuum vessel on the support cylinder.

The purpose of this system of vessels is to minimize the heat-flow from ambient to the liquid-helium vessels and coils at 4.5°I\.

The complete assembly is located within the rotor on a fixed support that passes through the bore of the large bearing at the non-drive end and is connected to a steady bearing on a stub extension of the output shaft.

The armature rotor group assembly comprises a drum carrying the slip rings, and rotor conductors interconnecting pairs of slip rings; a non-drive-end section; a drive-end section; and the output shaft.

The armature stator group consists of brushgear and stator conductors, mounted on a structure able to withstand the motor torque reaction on the stator conductors. The stator also includes the bearing and the base frame. For a propulsion application the drive-end bearing could include the main thrust block.

The torque of any motor is the product of the armature current and magnetic flux. In a superconducting motor the use of a pair of slip rings for each armature conductor permits a high armature current together with a high flux output, thus giving- high torque. With a constant field, speed varies linearly with voltage and torque varies linearly with current; thus for a propeller drive obeying the cube law, voltage varies with speed, current varies with speed squared and power varies with speed cubed.

The superconducting marine propulsion motors have the advantages of no practical upper power limit; very large torques; and excellent speed control.

A possible disadvantage is the need to provide a helium refrigeration system, but the main consequence of this is an economic cut-off below a certain rating, probably about 60 kW per rev/min.

An important feature of the motor design is the ability to operate the two halves of the field system independently so that, in the event of one half being inoperative, the motor can work at half voltage and full current, giving half power.

Other benefits are an integrated power plant with the use of more efficient propellers, manoeuvrability and better employment of space due to installation flexibility.

An integrated power plant means a “Central power station" concept with the minimum of auxiliary prime movers, which can lead to a significant reduction in the total installed power, together with general use of a single fuel-grade. It is also clear that a “Total energy” concept should be adopted, witli heal, recovery where possible.

The most efficient propeller combination can be used due to the freedom of choice of speed and torque.

Examples of ship types particularly suitable lor application of superconductive drive motors are icebreakers, large tugs and tankers.

В

Starting Control from ECR Navigation

By shifting the telegraph lever from FULL AHEAD to NAVIGATION, a gradual acceleration program is activated; the program is adjustable and enables the engine to reach navigation RPM’s in the desired lapse of time. If any fault occurs during gradual load take-over the engine load increase is interrupted; the engine stabilizes at the value reached at the moment in which the fault occurred and remains in that condition until the fault disappears.

Automatic resumption of power increase takes place according to the preset gradient.

If one of the stand-by causes persists beyond a given time the device automatically starts decreasing the load, beginning from stand-by position and persists until its determining cause disappears. The decrease may occur according to two adjustable speeds which are automatically selected by the programme as a function of the seriousness of the fault.

The following are some, of the anomalous conditions which determine the limiting and safety functions described above: fresh cooling water high temperature at ttie outlet of each cylinder; cylinder exhaust gas high temperature versus average value; cylinder exhaust gas mean temperature;

thrust bearing, journal bearing, stern tube bearing, crosshead bearing, and big end bearing high temperatures;

cylinder average high temperature, piston cooling fluid low flow rate;

engine luboil high temperature;

fuel injectors cooling fluid flow failure.

If any of the above variables, in particular bearing temperature and luboil pressure, reach exceptionally critical values, RPM reduction is converted to an engine lockout.

Emergency

Shield push-buttons are provided both on Bridge and ECR. By means of these push-buttons some safety and protection facilities may be excluded (RPM reduction, torque limitation, acceleration gradient, engine power manual limitation).

If a “crash stop” is affected in this condition, the admission of starting air takes place at a number of RPM’s higher than required for normal reversal and the RPM set-point, as well as positioning limit of the fuel oil lever are automatically brought to a third emergency level.

If said emergency starting RPM’s are not reached within a certain limit, the air valves close and a starting failure alarm is displayed.

To repeat the “crash, stop” operation, the operator must reset the engine telegraph on STOP position and then set the desired number of RPM’s.

C

Digital Computer Integrated Automation Systems Digital Computer Applications

Automation and control systems can be conveniently integrated with minicomputer digital processors. Interface units apt to handle all inputs and outputs problems from the process to the computer (Fig. 9) are available, depending on the type of solution contemplated.

Fig. 9, Process of the computer

There are such applications of minicomputers as:

Supervision of plant operating data with alarm recording, data logging and process monitoring of the process.

On demand digital display of plant variables.

Event recording: print out of the various plant variables on occurrence of an event, with the chronological history of groups of events in their exact sequence.

Recording of the value of the various plant variables in the time intervals preceeding the occurrence of a fault condition.

Trend recording: recording of the tendency of a variable to exceed set-point value over a short and medium term.

Recording of the maximum off-normal drift of a variable from threshold value.

Sequence control: for groups of variables.

Optimization of complex automation systems with set-point value correction by the computer.

Plant efficiency and performance calculations.

Operator guide: processing of the data collected by comparison with the optimum memorized operating program in order to furnish guidance to the operator.

Information storage: collection of data relating to plant operation. Formulation of consents and locks based on complex programs including non-linear functions of plant parameters.

Data communication: local processing of the variables by the peripheral microcomputers with data transmission to the centra! microcomputer. Microcomputer. The microcomputer is a control unit with extremely flexible program; modern electronic technology lias made this facility available for application in the solution of control problems which heretofore had to be handled by wired logic or relay logic.

Easily expandable high speed programs include complex arithmetic and logic operations.

The microcomputer itself comes as a conventional electronic unit mounted on standard racks apt to contain several plug-in type modules. The following modules are fitted in the standard rack:

1. Central Processor Unit (CPU).

CPU performs arithmetical and logical calculations at high speed with 8 bit words: it performs all the processing functions and is capable of addressing itself up to 64 memory bits.

2. Electronic type programmable memory (PROM) or fixed memory (ROM).

3. Memory module for electronic type data.

4. Input module connecting the CPU with the process.

5. Output module, to dispatch the microcomputer information toward the process.

6. Interface module, to adapt the input signals and input/output card capacity to the multiplexing and demultiplexing units and for A/D to D/A conversion.

D

Computer Hardware

The heart of the system is the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which holds both program and data, an Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU), which contains processing circuitry such as an adder, shifter, and a few fast registers for holding the operands*, and the instruction currently being processed (Fig. 10). The program counter would also be included in the ALU. One part of the CPU is a set of routing circuits which provide path between storage and the ALU and input/output controllers or channels. Many storage or input devices may be wired to one channel; but only

one device per channel can be transmitting information from or to main storage at any one time.

Main

storage

:r

| Dr-inter

ХГ -

LSra reader and сага punch

tout: "g circui ts

display and Any boa rd

c ha nr els

A ri thmct l c logic uni t

у board ' л ey ica -d

Г"

Pish si maps 'j Magnet is taps

Fig. 10. General organization of a computer system

In general, large computers may be thought of as having four distinct parts: a high-speed calculating unit, a memory unit, an input device and an output device.

* исходное число.

E

Main Engine Control System for Internal Combustion Marine Diesel Engines'

Main engine control system is used for automatic remote control and protection of main ship’s diesels. It permits to change direction and speed rotation of propeller directly from the bridge by navigators. The system consists of the equipment installed on the bridge, engine control room (ECR) locally mounted near the engine.

The set of Engine Remote Control equipment^2 in ECR essentially consists of a panel fitted up^3 with the various signalling, alarm and control facilities^4, in addition to the electronic modules (both logic and analog).

Electronic Control Modules Rack^5 comprises:

a) Engine starting and reversal logic module^6, with LED display^7 (direction of rotation indicator)6 of logic status^9 and starting set-point adjust potentiometer status^10;

b) Digital/analog engine RPM converter" with cut-in thresholds^12 and LED display of the status of the thresholds and thresholds adjusting potentiometers^13.

c) Engine control programmer^14 with LED display of stand-by^15, RPM reduction, emergency, etc. and acceleration gradient adjusting potentiometer^10.

d) RPM controller^17 with potentiometers for variables and operating limits adjustment^13.

e) Torque limiter^19, with limit indicator^20.

Locally Mounted Equipment comprises electro-hydraulic type actuator^21, for remote control of the fuel linkages^22; the said actuator is continuously linked mechanically to the lever and is therefore driven by the manual handwheel^23 when it is deenergized^24.

The equipment also comprises induction type pick-ups^23 to monitor^26 the number of RPM’s-7 and rotating direction, as well as u five-position servo-motor^23, complete with four devices to position the engine local control lever^2-' for reversing gears and starting air distributors for engine stop, running ahead^30, starting ahead, running astern, starting astern. Equipment on Bridge comprises:

1. Engine telegraph.

2. Automatic control panel. It has the following items^31 mounted on panel front^32:

a) Manual power limiter^33.

b) Engine speed fine adjustment potentiometer^3к

c) Illuminated push-button^35 for bridge control demand.

d) “Control transfer inhibited” signal display^36.

e) “Control on the bridge/ECR” signal display.

f) Direction of engine rotation indicator (LED)37.

g) Engine RPM indicator^33.

h) Fuel oil lever actuator position indicator^3 ’.

3. Shield push-button for emergency stop and emergency manoeuvring”0. 1) система управления главным двигателем для судовых двигателей внутреннего сгорания; 2) блок оборудования автоматического управления; 3) снабженный; 4) средства сигнальной защиты и управления; 5) стойка с электронными модулями управления; 6) модуль логики пуска и реверса двигателя; 7) дисплей на светодиодах (со светодиодной индикацией); 8) указатель направления вращения; 9) состояние логики; 10) подрегулировка установленной точки вставки потенциометра; 11) цифро-аналоговый преобразователь датчика частоты вращения двигателя; 12) встроенное значение ступеней (скорости); 13) потенциометр регулировки заданных значений ступеней; 14) программное устройство управления двигателем; 15) готовность; 16) потенциометр регулировки ступеней ускорения двигателя; 17) регулятор частоты вращения; 18) регулировка значений переменных и их рабочих диапазонов; 19) ограничитель момента; 20) указатель ограничения; 21) пспол-ннтельйое устройство; 22) подача топлива; 23) маховик; 24) обесточить; 25) датчик индукционного типа; 26) управлять; 27) частота вращения; 28) пятипозиционный сервомотор; 29) ручка местного управления двигателем; 30) работа вперед; 31) следующее оборудование; 32) на передней части панели; 33) ручной ограничитель мощности;

34) потенциометр плавной подрегулировки скорости двигателя;

35) кнопка с подсветкой; 36) средство представления сигнала «Передача управления запрещена»; 37) индикатор направления вращения двигателя на светодиодах; 38) указатель частоты вращения двигателя; 39) указатель положения приводного (исполнительного) устройства рычага подачи топлива; 40) защищенная кнопка для аварийной остановки и аварийного управления двигателем.

Test 3 1

Talk for a few minutes ou alarm measuring system. Follow the outline given below. Say approximately 20 sentences.

1. Definition of alarm system.

2. Its purpose.

3. Construction features.

4. Its operation.

5. Its advantages.

2

Choose the proper translation.

The starting of turbo alternator is usually dune manually although synchronizing and load sharing is performed automatically, а) Запуск турбогенератора переменного тока обычно выполняется вручную, хотя синхронизация и распределение нагрузки выполняются автоматически. б) Пуск турбогенератора обычно выполняется автоматически, а синхронизация и распределение нагрузки — вручную, в) Запуск турбогенератора переменного тока обычно выполняется вручную, так как введение в синхронизацию и распределение нагрузки выполняются автоматически.

3

Choose the proper translation.

Сигналы аварии вырабатываются, когда измеряемая величина превысила установленные пределы.

a) Alarm signals are generated when the value lias exceeded the permissible limits, b) Alarm signals are generated when the measured value has exceeded the permissible limits, c) Alarm signals are processed when the measured value will exceed the permissible limits.

4

Insert the suitable words.

Both floating and shore-based storage facilities are needed. . . . serve operational needs, while ... are for long-term storage, (a) the latter, the former; b) this, that one; c) the former, the latter.

5

Choose the suitable form.

The devices ... at present will have to he checked thoroughly before they can be used on an industrial scale, (a) developed, b) being developed,

c) developing.

6

Choose the suitable form.

The electrons from the cathode . . . by the grid, (a) will control, b) are controlled, c) will be controlled.

7

Complete the sentence in such, a way that it makes sense.

If no diesel-driven unit is synchronized to the network after an adjustable time delay, . . . (a) the shaft generator will be unloaded and its cireuit breaker will be tripped; b) a synchronizing alarm will be initiated; c) the shaft generator breaker will trip and black-out will occur.

8

Complete the sentence in such a way that it makes sense.

Some programming is performed. . . (a) by jumpers on the mother board, b) by a flexible ribbon cable, c) by the synchronizing and load sharing units.

9

Choose the proper translation. Most shaft generator design, а) самая большая конструкция валогенератора; б) конструкция само-

го большого валогенератора; в) конструкция большинства валогейе-раторов.

10

Choose the proper translation. Normal input generator operation, а) работа обычного входа генератора; б) обычная работа входного генератора; в) обычный ввод работающего генератора.

11

List a step-by-step procedure for starting the engine from the engine control room. Write 10 sentences.

Sum up your results. Time. . . Score. . . Mark. . .

THE NINTH TERM (20)

UNIT 4

E L F. CT R О NIC AUTOMATION

SECTION! (4-f-1 +4)

Bridge Manoeuvring System Text

Daily Use of the Bridge Manoeuvring System

1. Preparation and change over. Preparation and change over of the engine for the bridge control should be made in accordance with the instructions issued by the engine builder. The following points should be noted: The pump station for the hydraulic amplifier is started to provide oil pressure in the amplifier.

The automatic stop piston valve must be turned to the ‘'Service" position.

2. Control Panel.

Check that the test telegraph switches on the mimic diagram are in the "Normal” position.

3. Check also that the switch in the engine speed test unit is in the "Tacho” position. If this switch is left in the "Test'’ position, the unit lamp will light up. If a start attempt is made, registration of the engine’s turning will not take place and the tacho arid repeated start supervision unit (IRS) will register (lie missing tacho signal, and after 6 ry^tart blocking and a tacho failure alarm will be initiated. If the control system is not furnished with a TRS Unit, starting air will be admitted until the pressure switch is activated.

4. The overspeed, slow turning, load program and reversing level switches on the mimic diagram arc to be placed in the "On” normal position in order to incorporate these functions.

5. Check with the aid of incorporated voltmeter that all necessary voltages are present.

6. Check that the power supply switch is in the "Normal” position, if it is in the “Battery” position, the system will still he able to work, but normal running calls for the switch in the “Normal” position. Remember to press button if a change over from “Battery” to “Normal” becomes necessary.

7. Examine whether any of the lamps in the signal panel for emergency are lit up. If some are lit, the indicated fault should be remedied.

8. Check whether the safety panel shows any alarms or any shut- or slow-down channels. The lamps in the panel are extinguished under normal conditions. If an alarm occurs, the lamps will light up strongly. If a channel has been “pushed" out of working order, the lamp will continue to light up weakly provided there is no alarm on the channel. If an alarm occurs on a channel, the lamp will also light up strongly in this condition.

9. When these preparations have been carried out the system is read',’ for automatic control.

SECTION 2

(3+1+3)

Text

Precautions at Siow- and Shut-Downs

1. In the event of a slow- or shut-down occurring, the appropriate lamps light up on the bridge telegraph and in the signal panel for emergency in the control room. If, with regard to the safety of the vessel, it proves necessary to start the engine again, the “cancel'' button on the bridge telegraph can be activated. Since this is an emergency function, it will immediately release an alarm in the engine room. If it is not imperative for the engine to run, the fault should be rectified before the engine is stated again. When the fault has been rectified, the reset button is pressed on the control room. When this button is activated, the slow down circuit will he reset, and the engine will be automatically regulated up to the position of the handle. In the case of a shut-down, the engine will be automatically restarted after reset and the engine will regulate up to the value at which the bridge telegraph is set to.

2. Reset of a slow- or shut-down can also take place from the bridge by placing the telegraph on the bridge in stop position. An automatic reset order is thereby transmitted to the control panel, and' if the slow- or shut-down condition has vanished automatic restart can be done by placing the telegraph in an arbitrary position.

3. However, it should be noted that it is only a reset arrangement. If the slow- or shut down condition is still present, an automatic start can only be done by cancelling with the emergency buttons.

4. If an overspeed shut-down occurs, such a condition cannot be cancel led from the bridge by means of the cancelling button, but only by means of the regulating handle in the control room which has to Ire in the stop position. When an overspeed shut-down lias occurred, it should be noted that the fault could be due to a fault in the governor, or a fault in the remaining part of the manoeuvring system. In the case of an overspeed shut-down, the manual regulating system should be examined before the ejrgine is^allowed to start again andmun to load. A slow-down or shut-down can be'due to a fault in the pressure switches or thermo-states alone, without the measured value indicating a fault. The contact for the appropriate channel can therefore be pressed in on the safety panel, thereby placing the channel out of action. This should, however, be carried out only whilst the pressure switch or thermostat is being replaced or repaired. A fixed light will appear in the safeTy^TarrcTWt'hlTst the channel is coupled out. It must be noted that such switching off a channel cannot cancel a slow- or shut-down. The reset button on the signal panel for emergency must always be pressed in afterwards.

Vocabulary

— панель аварийной сигнализа

signal panel for emergency

to rectify a fault arbitrary position

9 Заказ № 864

ции

—устранить неисправность — произвольное положение

— установка в исходное состояние

reset arrangement

to run to load pressure switch

— работать под нагрузкой

— прессостат

section з (3+1+3)

Text

Preventive Maintenance

Weekly:

1. The bridge manoeuvring system does not require maintenance due to its design, yet it would be an advantage if the below mentioned items were checked occasionally.

2. Safety Panel.

Activate the “Test shut-down" and “Test slow-down” one at a time, and check that the appropriate white lamps immediately light up strongly. The test buttons should be activated (pushed) for at least 20 s in order to initiate the appropriate functions.

3. Bridge Emergency Button.

Open the cover which protects the three emergency buttons, and activate the STOP button.

4. Check that the emergency stop valve (ESV) is activated and draws the fuel pumps to “0" index. Set the button back in the neutral position after checking is completed.

5. Check the emergency “Full” button whilst an upward regulation through the load program is ordered, i. e. when max. r.p.m. are ordered on the bridge telegraph. As soon as the load program lamp lights up to indicate that further upward regulation is blocked for a short period, activate the “Full” button. Observe that the load program lamp extinguishes and that the main engine r.p.m. immediately begin to rise. Immediately this is checked, the button must be placed in the neutral position, since the function is then working.

6. The third emergency button “cancelling” is best checked by activating the test slow-down or test shut-down on the safety panel in the engine manoeuvring console. Press the test button in until a slow-down takes place respectively. As soon as the main engine begins to regulate downwards, the function is cancelled by activating the cancelling button on the bridge. The main engine should now regulate upwards again in a normal manner.

7. The cancelling button can now be set back in the neutral position, and the cover closed over the three emergency buttons, as all functions have now been controlled.

8. Voltage Supply.

A knob is mounted on the Voltmeter Unit to enable all voltage groups in the control panel to be measured. Turn the knob through all 13 measuring positions and check that the voltmeter reading is always within • one of the two green areas.

9. A reading up to 60 V is permitted in position 2, since in this case measurement takes place across the unloaded emergency supply. If the system is furnished with an emergency battery supply, its capacity should be regularly checked by placing the “Normal-battery” contact in the “Battery” position.

10. Now check whether the pointer of the emergency supply voltmeter in the control room manoeuvring stand remains within the green area.

Page

Св. план 1986, поз. 50

ТАТЬЯНА ЮРЬЕВНА КУЩ.

МИХАИЛ СЕМЕНОВИЧ ВОЛОВНИК

Английский язык для судовых электромехаников

Редактор Э. И. Печен кина Технический редактор Б. Г. К о л о б р о д о в а Корректор Н. Н. О п а р и н а

Сдано в набор 18.08.86 г. Подписано в печать 17.12.86 г. Формат изд. 70ХЮ8/16. Бум. тип. Гарнитура литературная. Печать высокая. Печ. л. 11,55. Уч.-изд. л. 10,15. Тираж 7000. Изд. № 389/6-В. Заказ тип. № 864. Цена 1 руб. В/О «Мортехинформреклама»

125080, Москва, А-80, Волоколамское шоссе, 14

Типография «Моряк», Одесса, ул. Ленина, 26

Г. Ю. КУШ, АЛ. С. BOJiOBHHK

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СУДОВЫХ ЭЛ г КУРСМ ЕХ АИИКОВ

ENGLISH FOR MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

§|

■;СТ i

к :Ж ■ Ж*

МОСКВА

В / О * M О P T F. У И H Ф О P M P F. К Л A M A >

1986

■■ ' , •; ?• П-' ’ VC К ,,.С "

:•> ;• V' -i-.v-;'ут .'П< • - V» • • -

1

1

Read the words and point out those of the text:

2

a) capacitor;

b) overflow; c) to couple;

d) frequency; e) underflow; f) input; g) to consume; h) to trigger; i) to modify; j) case;

k) output; 1) power; m) bridge; n) feature; o) transition; p) point.

The second class period

6

3

Strike out word not applicable.

This certificate is issued upon the terms of the Rules and Regulations of the Society, which provide that:

“The Committees of the Society use their best endeavours to ensure that the functions of the Society are properly executed, but it is to be understood that neither the Society nor any Member of any of its Committees nor any of its Officers, Servants or Surveyors is under any circumstances whatever to be held responsible or liable for any inaccuracy in any report or certificate issued by the Society or its Surveyors, or in any entry in the Register Book or other publication of the Society, or for any act or omission, default or negligence of any of its Committees or any Member thereof, or of the Surveyors, or oilier Officers, Servants or Agents of the Society”.

38 7

Dwell with your fellow-student on technical documentation of electrical equipment. Use the text below and ex. 34, 35, 37. Be prepared to record your talk on a tape.

4

Choose the proper translation.

Such has indeed proved to be the case.

а) . Действительно, можно доказать, что дело обстоит именно так.

б) . Доказали на самом деле, что это именно тот самый случай.

в) . Действительно, оказалось, что дело обстоит именно так.

5

Choose the proper translation.

This discovery is certain to lead to important results.

а). Это открытие, кажется, приведет к важным результатам. 6). Эго открытие непременно приведет к важным результатам, в). Вероятно, это открытие должно привести к важным результатам.

6

List a step-by-step procedure for ordering a separate motor. Write 10 sentences.

Sinn up your results. Time. .. Score. ., Mark...

7

5

A. Read the words. Point out the nouns in plural and in singular:

a) system; b) electronics; c) physics; d) characteristics; e) requirements; f) transducers; g) comprises; h) data; i) values; j) goods;

k) proceeds; 1) wages; m) means; n) works; o) series; p) species; q) knowledge; r) information; s) progress; t) iron; u) vacation; v) axis; w) datum; x) formula; y) axes; z) phenomena.

B. Change the number of the nouns above from singular into plural and vice versa.

8

2

Read the word-combinations, point out noun groups and give their Russian equivalents:

a) alarm system; b) centralized supervision; c) special requirements;

d) marine application; e) standard module; f) process activities; g) circuit board; h) remain uneffected; i) alarm group; j) system layout; k) transducer connection; 1) separate lamp; nr) legend plate;

n) without the need; o) measured value; p) alarm indication,

9

1

Read the words and point out those of the text:

a) busbar;

b) to delay; c) level;

d) to consume; e) change-over; f) breaker; g) efficiency; h) frequency;

i) closure; j) capacitor; k) to couple; 1) shutting-down.

10

5

Read the words, point out those which deal with the topic “Syn-

Content

Т.Ю.Кущ, М.С.ВоловникАнглийский язык для судовых электромехаников. ENGLISH FOR MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS. 1986

Duties of Electrical Engineers

Short Circuit between Running and Starting Windings

Storing Cells and Batteries

Indicating D-C Meters

Capacitor in A-C Line

Lighting. General Requirements.

Special Meters

Text Synchronous up/down Counters

Exercises

Another World War

u)

Electric Drives of Towing Winches

Cycles on the Porch

8. The explosion is likely..,

h) to be of great importance

Key

Text

Exercises

An in-Situ Method of Drying out Electrical Machinery*

Basic Design Data

A

Electric Drives of Anchor-Handling and Mooring Gear

Magnetic Controllers

Key

Test II

Alarm Measuring System

Text Alarm Measuring System

Exercises 1

Английский язык

An Electronic Computer

A

В

Safe Operation of Nuclear Ships

Text

Exercises

Power Plant Control System Operation of Central Unit

Internal Monitoring

Control Systems. General Requirements

Part I. Convertor Module

Electronic System. Operation

DC Voltage Transducer

Function Description of Automatic Control System of Electrical Power Plants Part I. Shutting Down

Electronic Systems for

Key

Main Functions

21 6

Work on Board Multipurpose Ship

Part VII. Programming of Large Loads

Key

. Automatic Control of the Shaft Generators

Safety System

Thyristor Convertors

Key

Starting Control from Engine Control Room Text Starting the Engine

Vocabulary Material for Rendering and Discussion A

Superconducting DC Motors for Marine Propulsion I

II

Material for Rendering and Discussion A Superconducting DC Motors for Marine Propulsion

I

II

В Starting Control from ECR Navigation

Emergency

C Digital Computer Integrated Automation Systems Digital Computer Applications

10

11

THE NINTH TERM (20)

Bridge Manoeuvring System Text

Text

Vocabulary

Text Preventive Maintenance

1